INSECTA
(true insects)

Interactions where INSECTA is the dominant partner and gains from the process

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Stage Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season
pollinates or fertilises flower Epipactis palustris Marsh Helleborine Asparagales: Orchidaceae Flora of the British Isles, Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. & Moore, D.M., 1985
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects Plant / pollinated /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asparagales/Orchidaceae/Epipactis palustris/Epipactis palustrismarsh helleborineflower
adult adult pollinates or fertilises flower Serapias lingua Greater Tongue Orchid, Tongue-orchid Asparagales: Orchidaceae Orchids of Britain & Ireland: a field and site guide, Harrap, A. & S., 2009
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insectsadult Plant / pollinated /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asparagales/Orchidaceae/Serapias lingua/Serapias linguagreater tongue orchid, tongue-orchidflower

Interactions where INSECTA is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season Summary
is endoparasitoid host of larva Ravinia pernix a flesh fly Diptera: Sarcophagidae Diptera: Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata (I) Sect (a) Tachinidae and Calliphoridae, van Emden, F.I.,, 1954
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Sarcophagidae/Ravinia pernix/Ravinia pernixa flesh flylarva Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects larva is endoparasitoid of
is parasitised by larva Minor Sarcophaga melanura a flesh fly Diptera: Sarcophagidae Diptera: Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata (I) Sect (a) Tachinidae and Calliphoridae, van Emden, F.I.,, 1954
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Sarcophagidae/Sarcophaga melanura/Sarcophaga melanuraa flesh flylarva Animal / parasite /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insectsMinor larva parasitises
is predated by imago TENTHREDINIDAE a family of sawflies Hymenoptera Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (b), Benson, R.B., 1952
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Tenthredinidae/Tenthredinidaea family of sawfliesimago Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects imago is predator of
is predated by Major Lyctocoris campestris The Debris Bug Hemiptera: Anthocoridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Anthocoridae/Lyctocoris (Lyctocoris) campestris/Lyctocoris (Lyctocoris) campestristhe debris bug Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insectsMajor is predator of
is predated by adult Deraeocoris olivaceus a plantbug Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Deraeocoris (Deraeocoris) olivaceus/Deraeocoris (Deraeocoris) olivaceusa plantbugadult Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects adult is predator of
is predated by nymph Deraeocoris olivaceus a plantbug Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Deraeocoris (Deraeocoris) olivaceus/Deraeocoris (Deraeocoris) olivaceusa plantbugnymph Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects nymph is predator of
is predated by adult Deraeocoris ruber Red Bug Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Deraeocoris (Deraeocoris) ruber/Deraeocoris (Deraeocoris) ruberred bugadult Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects adult is predator of
is predated by nymph Deraeocoris ruber Red Bug Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Deraeocoris (Deraeocoris) ruber/Deraeocoris (Deraeocoris) ruberred bugnymph Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects nymph is predator of
is predated by nymph Deraeocoris lutescens a plantbug Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Deraeocoris (Knightocapsus) lutescens/Deraeocoris (Knightocapsus) lutescensa plantbugnymph Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects nymph is predator of
is predated by adult Deraeocoris lutescens a plantbug Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Deraeocoris (Knightocapsus) lutescens/Deraeocoris (Knightocapsus) lutescensa plantbugadult Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects adult is predator of
is predated by UK/Ireland Blepharidopterus angulatus Black-kneed Apple Capsid Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Blepharidopterus angulatus/Blepharidopterus angulatusblack-kneed apple capsid Animal / predatorUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects is predator of
egg is predated by adult UK/Ireland Dryophilocoris flavoquadrimaculatus a plantbug Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Dryophilocoris (Dryophilocoris) flavoquadrimaculatus/Dryophilocoris (Dryophilocoris) flavoquadrimaculatusa plantbugadult Animal / predatorUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insectsegg adult is predator of egg
egg is predated by nymph UK/Ireland Dryophilocoris flavoquadrimaculatus a plantbug Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Dryophilocoris (Dryophilocoris) flavoquadrimaculatus/Dryophilocoris (Dryophilocoris) flavoquadrimaculatusa plantbugnymph Animal / predatorUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insectsegg nymph is predator of egg
is predated by UK/Ireland Orthotylus marginalis Dark Green Apple Capsid Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Orthotylus (Orthotylus) marginalis/Orthotylus (Orthotylus) marginalisdark green apple capsid Animal / predatorUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects is predator of
is predated by adult Campylomma verbasci a plantbug or grassbug Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Campylomma verbasci/Campylomma verbascia plantbug or grassbugadult Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects (6-early 8, 8-10)adult is predator of
is predated by nymph Campylomma verbasci a plantbug or grassbug Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Campylomma verbasci/Campylomma verbascia plantbug or grassbugnymph Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects nymph is predator of
is predated by adult Compsidolon salicellum a plantbug Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Compsidolon (Coniortodes) salicellum/Compsidolon (Coniortodes) salicelluma plantbugadult Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects (7)8-9(10)adult is predator of
is predated by adult Phylus coryli a plantbug Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Phylus (Phylus) coryli/Phylus (Phylus) corylia plantbugadult Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects (end 6-mid 8)adult is predator of
is predated by adult Phylus melanocephalus a plantbug Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Phylus (Phylus) melanocephalus/Phylus (Phylus) melanocephalusa plantbugadult Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects (early 6-early 8)adult is predator of
is predated by adult Psallus betuleti a plantbug Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Psallus (Apocremnus) betuleti/Psallus (Apocremnus) betuletia plantbugadult Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects (5)6-7)adult is predator of
is predated by nymph Psallus betuleti a plantbug Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Psallus (Apocremnus) betuleti/Psallus (Apocremnus) betuletia plantbugnymph Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects (late 4-mid 6)nymph is predator of
is predated by adult Psallus ambiguus a plantbug Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Psallus (Mesopsallus) ambiguus/Psallus (Mesopsallus) ambiguusa plantbugadult Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects (5-8)adult is predator of
is predated by nymph Psallus ambiguus a plantbug Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Psallus (Mesopsallus) ambiguus/Psallus (Mesopsallus) ambiguusa plantbugnymph Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects (5)nymph is predator of
adult is predated by nymph Eurydema oleracea Brassica Bug, Cabbage Bug Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Pentatomidae/Eurydema (Eurydema) oleracea/Eurydema (Eurydema) oleraceabrassica bug, cabbage bugnymph Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insectsadult nymph is predator of adult
larva is predated by nymph Eurydema oleracea Brassica Bug, Cabbage Bug Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Pentatomidae/Eurydema (Eurydema) oleracea/Eurydema (Eurydema) oleraceabrassica bug, cabbage bugnymph Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insectslarva nymph is predator of larva
egg is predated by nymph Eurydema oleracea Brassica Bug, Cabbage Bug Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Pentatomidae/Eurydema (Eurydema) oleracea/Eurydema (Eurydema) oleraceabrassica bug, cabbage bugnymph Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insectsegg nymph is predator of egg
larva is endoparasitised by larva Hymenolepis diminuta Rat Tapeworm Cyclophyllidea: Hymenolepididae Identification of Animal Parasites, Avery, R.A., 1974
/Animalia/Platyhelminthes/Cestoda/Cyclophyllidea/Hymenolepididae/Hymenolepis diminuta/Hymenolepis diminutarat tapewormlarva Animal / parasite / endoparasite /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insectslarva larva endoparasitises larva
adult is endoparasitised by larva Hymenolepis diminuta Rat Tapeworm Cyclophyllidea: Hymenolepididae Identification of Animal Parasites, Avery, R.A., 1974
/Animalia/Platyhelminthes/Cestoda/Cyclophyllidea/Hymenolepididae/Hymenolepis diminuta/Hymenolepis diminutarat tapewormlarva Animal / parasite / endoparasite /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insectsadult larva endoparasitises adult
may be infected by Aspergillus flavus Stonebrood Disease (A causative organism) Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae Diseases of the honey bee, Wikipedia
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Eurotiomycetes/Eurotiales/Trichocomaceae/Aspergillus flavus/Aspergillus flavusstonebrood disease (a causative organism) Animal / pathogen /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects infects
may be infected by Aspergillus neoflavipes Stonebrood Disease (A causative organism), Aspergillosis Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae Diseases of the honey bee, Wikipedia
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Eurotiomycetes/Eurotiales/Trichocomaceae/Aspergillus neoflavipes/Aspergillus neoflavipesstonebrood disease (a causative organism), aspergillosis Animal / pathogen /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects infects
may be infected by Aspergillus niger Black Mould Of Onions, Garlic and Shallots - causative organism Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae Diseases of the honey bee, Wikipedia
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Eurotiomycetes/Eurotiales/Trichocomaceae/Aspergillus niger/Aspergillus nigerblack mould of onions, garlic and shallots (causative organism) Animal / pathogen /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects infects
may be infected by colony Beauveria bassiana an anamorphic fungus Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae /Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Cordycipitaceae/Beauveria bassiana/Beauveria bassianaan anamorphic funguscolony Animal / pathogen /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects colony infects
may attract synnematum of Polycephalomyces anamorph Polycephalomyces ramosus an entomogenous fungus Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae Two rare and interesting entomogenous fungi from south-east England, Moss, M., Spooner, B. & Mitchell, D.W., 2007
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Ophiocordycipitaceae/Polycephalomyces ramosus/Polycephalomyces ramosusan entomogenous fungussynnematumPolycephalomyces anamorph Animal / associate /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects synnematum of Polycephalomyces anamorph is associated with
spreads Basidiobolus ranarum a zygomycete Basidiobolales: Basidiobolaceae Teaching Techniques for Mycology: 5. Basidiobolus ranarum, Weber, R.W.S. & Webster, J., 1998
/Fungi/Zygomycota/Zygomycetes/Basidiobolales/Basidiobolaceae/Basidiobolus ranarum/Basidiobolus ranaruma zygomycete Animal / vector /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects is spread by
may be infected by UK/Ireland Conidiobolus coronatus an entomophagous fungus Entomophthorales: Ancylistaceae Teaching Techniques for Mycology: 22. Disclosure of Conidiobolus and Basidiobolus from soils and leaf litters, Callaghan, A., 2004
/Fungi/Zygomycota/Zygomycetes/Entomophthorales/Ancylistaceae/Conidiobolus coronatus/Conidiobolus coronatusan entomophagous fungus Animal / pathogenUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects infects
may be infected by UK/Ireland Conidiobolus osmodes an entomophagous fungus Entomophthorales: Ancylistaceae Teaching Techniques for Mycology: 22. Disclosure of Conidiobolus and Basidiobolus from soils and leaf litters, Callaghan, A., 2004
/Fungi/Zygomycota/Zygomycetes/Entomophthorales/Ancylistaceae/Conidiobolus osmodes/Conidiobolus osmodesan entomophagous fungus Animal / pathogenUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects infects
may be infected by UK/Ireland Conidiobolus thromboides an entomophagous fungus Entomophthorales: Ancylistaceae Teaching Techniques for Mycology: 22. Disclosure of Conidiobolus and Basidiobolus from soils and leaf litters, Callaghan, A., 2004
/Fungi/Zygomycota/Zygomycetes/Entomophthorales/Ancylistaceae/Conidiobolus thromboides/Conidiobolus thromboidesan entomophagous fungus Animal / pathogenUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects infects
adult may be infected by Furia americana an entomophagous fungus Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae Key to the Species of Entomophthora sensu lato, Waterhouse, G.M. & Brady, B.L., 1982
/Fungi/Zygomycota/Zygomycetes/Entomophthorales/Entomophthoraceae/Furia americana/Furia americanaan entomophagous fungus Animal / pathogen /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insectsadult infects adult
is predated by leaf (sticky hairs) Drosera sundews Caryophyllales: Droseraceae New Flora of the British Isles (Ed 2), Stace, C., 1997
/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Caryophyllales/Droseraceae/Drosera/Droserasundewsleaf (sticky hairs) Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects leaf (sticky hairs) is predator of
is predated by pitcher SARRACENIACEAE pitcher plants Ericales Flora of the British Isles, Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. & Moore, D.M., 1985
New Flora of the British Isles (Ed 2), Stace, C., 1997
/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Sarraceniaceae/Sarraceniaceaepitcher plantspitcher Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects pitcher is predator of
is predated by leaf Pinguicula butterworts Lamiales: Lentibulariaceae Flora of the British Isles, Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. & Moore, D.M., 1985
/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Lentibulariaceae/Pinguicula/Pinguiculabutterwortsleaf Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insects leaf is predator of
larva is predated by bladder UK/Ireland Utricularia australis Bladderwort Lamiales: Lentibulariaceae Insectivorous Plants, Darwin, C., 1875
/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Lentibulariaceae/Utricularia australis/Utricularia australisbladderwortbladder Animal / predatorUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insectslarva bladder is predator of larva
(carrion inhabiting) carrion inhabiting larva is predated by UK/IrelandQuestionable Podops inuncta European Turtlebug, Turtle Bug Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Pentatomidae/Podops inuncta/Podops inunctaeuropean turtlebug, turtle bug Animal / predatorRelationship uncertainUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insectscarrion inhabitinglarva is predator of carrion inhabiting larva
(dung inhabiting) dung inhabiting larva is predated by UK/IrelandQuestionable Podops inuncta European Turtlebug, Turtle Bug Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Pentatomidae/Podops inuncta/Podops inunctaeuropean turtlebug, turtle bug Animal / predatorRelationship uncertainUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insectsdung inhabitinglarva is predator of dung inhabiting larva
body cavity body cavity of larva is endoparasitised by cyst Haplometra cylindracea a fluke Plagiorchiida: Plagiorchiidae Identification of Animal Parasites, Avery, R.A., 1974
/Animalia/Platyhelminthes/Trematoda/Plagiorchiida/Plagiorchiidae/Haplometra cylindracea/Haplometra cylindraceaa flukecyst Animal / parasite / endoparasite /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insectsbody cavitylarva cyst endoparasitises body cavity of larva
exuvia (dead, shed, submerged) dead, shed, submerged exuvia of larva dead is eaten by UK/Ireland Chytriomyces nodulatus a chytrid Chytridiales: Chytriomycetaceae New Chytridiaceous fungi from Cambridge., Haskins, R.H., 1946
/Fungi/Chytridiomycota/Chytridiomycetes/Chytridiales/Chytriomycetaceae/Chytriomyces nodulatus/Chytriomyces nodulatusa chytrid Animal / carrion / dead animal feederUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insectsdead, shed, submergedexuvialarva feeds on dead dead, shed, submerged exuvia of larva
exuvia (dead, shed) dead, shed exuvia of larva dead is eaten by UK/Ireland Rhizoclosmatium globosum a chytrid Chytridiales: Chytridiaceae Annotated list of British Aquatic Chytrids, Canter, H.M., 1953
/Fungi/Chytridiomycota/Chytridiomycetes/Chytridiales/Chytridiaceae/Rhizoclosmatium globosum/Rhizoclosmatium globosuma chytrid Animal / carrion / dead animal feederUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insectsdead, shedexuvialarva feeds on dead dead, shed exuvia of larva
exuvia (dead, shed) dead, shed exuvia of larva dead is eaten by UK/Ireland Diplophlyctis sarcoptoides a chytrid (chitin saprobe) Chytridiales: Endochytriaceae Annotated list of British Aquatic Chytrids, Canter, H.M., 1953
/Fungi/Chytridiomycota/Chytridiomycetes/Chytridiales/Endochytriaceae/Diplophlyctis sarcoptoides/Diplophlyctis sarcoptoidesa chytrid (chitin saprobe) Animal / carrion / dead animal feederUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insectsdead, shedexuvialarva feeds on dead dead, shed exuvia of larva
exuvia (dead, shed) dead, shed exuvia of larva dead is eaten by UK/Ireland Siphonaria variabilis a chytrid Chytridiales Annotated list of British Aquatic Chytrids, Canter, H.M., 1953
/Fungi/Chytridiomycota/Chytridiomycetes/Chytridiales/Siphonaria variabilis/Siphonaria variabilisa chytrid Animal / carrion / dead animal feederUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Insectatrue insectsdead, shedexuvialarva feeds on dead dead, shed exuvia of larva

Author & YearTitleSource
WikipediaDiseases of the honey beeen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseases_of_the_honey_bee
Avery, R.A., 1974Identification of Animal ParasitesHulton Group Keys, 182pp, Hulton Educational Publications Ltd.
Benson, R.B., 1952Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (b)Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol VI, Part 2(b), 137pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Callaghan, A., 2004Teaching Techniques for Mycology: 22. Disclosure of Conidiobolus and Basidiobolus from soils and leaf littersMycologist Vol 18 (1): 29-32.
Canter, H.M., 1953Annotated list of British Aquatic ChytridsTBMS Vol 36 (4): 278-301.
Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. & Moore, D.M., 1985Flora of the British Isles3 edition, 688pp, Cambridge University Press
Darwin, C., 1875Insectivorous Plants463pp
Harrap, A. & S., 2009Orchids of Britain & Ireland: a field and site guide2nd edition, 480pp, A&C Black Publishers Ltd
Haskins, R.H., 1946New Chytridiaceous fungi from Cambridge.TBMS Vol 29 (3): 135-140,IN4.
Moss, M., Spooner, B. & Mitchell, D.W., 2007Two rare and interesting entomogenous fungi from south-east EnglandField Mycology Vol 8 (4): 115-118.
Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959Land and Water Bugs of the British IslesWayside & Woodland Series, 1959 edition, 436pp, Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd.
Stace, C., 1997New Flora of the British Isles (Ed 2)Second edition edition, 1130pp, Cambridge University Press
van Emden, F.I.,, 1954Diptera: Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata (I) Sect (a) Tachinidae and CalliphoridaeHandbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol X. Part 4(a), 133pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Waterhouse, G.M. & Brady, B.L., 1982Key to the Species of Entomophthora sensu latoBull. Br. mycol Soc. 16, 113-143, 1982 Bull. Br. mycol. Soc. 16 (2): 113-143.
Weber, R.W.S. & Webster, J., 1998Teaching Techniques for Mycology: 5. Basidiobolus ranarumMycologist Vol 12 (4): 148-150.

INSECTA (true insects) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Subtaxon Rank Featured
subtaxa
No of
interactions
No of
references
Subclass 4 subtaxa 2 trophisms 14 references
Subclass 6,388 subtaxa 17,224 trophisms 5,509 references
Taxonomic hierarchy:
ClassINSECTA (true insects)
SubphylumHEXAPODA (insects and other 6-legged organisms)
PhylumARTHROPODA (arthropods)
SuperphylumECDYSOZOA (skin shedders)
CladeBilateria (bilaterally symmetrical animals)
SubkingdomEUMETAZOA (metazoans)
KingdomANIMALIA (animals)
DomainEukaryota (eukaryotes)
LifeBIOTA (living things)
NBNNBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for INSECTA (true insects)

Identification Works

Handling & MagnificationAuthorYearTitleSource
Anon. Insects & Spiders from Finland www.kolumbus.fi/hannu.j.tanner/coleoptera/
Anon. British Insects discussion group
Brock, P.D. 2014 A Comprehensive Guide to Insects of Britain and Ireland 500pp, Pisces Publications
Chinery, M. 2005 Complete British Insects Collins "Complete…" series, Collins
Edkins, K. Photos of Insects www.gwydir.demon.co.uk/insects/index.htm
Ellis, W.N. Plant Parasites of Europe: leafminers, galls and Fungi bladmineerders.nl
Imms, A.D. 1957 General Textbook of Entomology Ninth edition, 886pp, Methuen & Co. Ltd.
Linssen, E.F. & Newman, L.H. 1964 *** The Observer’s Book of Insects ***(Superseded) Observer's Books, No 17, Revised edition edition, 128pp, Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd.
Savela, M. Lepidoptera and some other life forms www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/intro.html

Freshwater

() Macan, T.T. 1959 A Guide to Freshwater Invertebrates 118pp, Longman

Keys To Orders

Eversham, B. 2000 A quick key to the adults of the major Orders of Insects http://www.wildlifebcnp.org/ecology-resources.htm

Larvae/Freshwater

() Macan, T.T. 1959 A Guide to Freshwater Invertebrates 118pp, Longman

Marine

() Hayward, P.J. & Ryland, J.S. (eds) 1996 Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe reprint with minor corrections edition, 800pp, Oxford University Press
() Hayward, P.J. & Ryland, J.S. (eds) 1990 The Marine Fauna of the British Isles and north-west Europe 2 volumes, 996pp, Clarendon Press

Plant Galls

Houard, C. 1908 *** Les zoocécidies des plantes d’Europe et du bassin de la Méditerranée: Description des galles ***(Superseded)

INSECTA (true insects) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

General Works

AuthorYearTitleSource
Anon. AES discussion group
Anon. Bug Club discussion group
Anon. Les Insectes aramel.free.fr/INSECTES15.shtml
Journal of Insect Biodiversity
Ang, Y., Wong, L., J. & Meier, R. 2013 Using seemingly unnecessary illustrations to improve the diagnostic usefulness of descriptions in taxonomy–a case study on Perochaeta orientalis (Diptera, Sepsidae) ZooKeys Vol 335: 9-27.
Beynon, S.A., Peck, M., Mann, D.J. & Lewis, O.T. 2012 Consequences of alternative and conventional endoparasite control in cattle for dung-associated invertebrates and ecosystem functioning Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Vol 162: 36-44.
Bourgeois, D. Entomoland detpbourgeois.free.fr
Cheng, L. 1976 Marine Insects 584pp, North-Holland Publishing Company
Chinery, M. 1973 A Field Guide to the Insects of Britain and Northern Europe Collins Field Guides, 352pp, Collins
Hadley, A. Micropics micropics.org.uk/index.htm
Harris, R. A glossary of Surface Sculpturing antbase.org/ants/publications/harris1979.html
Holt, V.M. with introduction by Mound, L. 1992 Why not eat insects? 99pp, Pryor Publications
Klowden, M.J. 2013 Physiological Systems in Insects Third Edition edition, 682pp, Academic Press
Lawrence, P.A. 1966

Development and determination of hairs and bristles in the Milkweed Bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus

(Lygaeidae, Hemiptera)

J. Cell. Sci. Vol 1: 475-498.
Pearce, E.J. 1948 The invertebrate fauna of grass-tussocks: a suggested line for ecological study Ent. Mon. Mag. 84: 169-174.
Ramel, A. Les Insectes: Petit cours illustré d’entomologie aramel.free.fr
Ramel, G. The Wonderful World of Insects www.earthlife.net/insects/
Upton, M.S. & Mantle, B.L. 2010 Methods for collecting, preserving and studying insects and other terrestrial arthropods 5th edition edition, 31pp, Australian Entomological Society
van Dyk, J. Iowa State Entomology Index of Internet Resources www.ent.iastate.edu/list/
Zeuss, D. et al 2014 Global warming favours light-coloured insects in Europe Nature Communications DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4874: 1-9.

Acid Mires

Boyce, D. 2004 A review of the invertebrate assemblages of acid mires Research Reports, Report no 592, 109pp, English Nature

Conservation

Rotheray, G.E. & MacGowan, I. Conserving Scottish Insects

Dung Species

Floate, K.D. 2023 Cow patty critters: An introduction to the ecology, biology and identification of insects in cattle dung on Canadian pastures 220pp, Canadian Department of Agriculture

Food Plants

Jefferson, R. 2004 Insects and fleshy fruits British Wildlife Vol 16, No 2: 95-103.
Smith, R.M. & Roy, D.B. 2008 Revealing the foundations of biodiversity British Wildlife Vol 20, No. 1: 17-25.
Ward, L. Database of British Insects and Their Foodplants (DBIF) www.brc.ac.uk/dbif

Forensics

Byrd, J.H. & Castner, J.L. 2000 Forensic Entomology: The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations 440pp, Taylor & Francis CRC Press

Freshwater/Regional

Olsen, K.M. 2008 Noteworthy records of freshwater insects in Norway NJE Vol 55 (1): 53-71.

Journals

Entomologist’s Gazette Gem Publishing
Entomologist
Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine Gem Publishing
Transactions of the Entomological Society of London
Entomologist’s Record and journal of variation
Bulletin of Entomological Research
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London
Ecological Entomology
Entomophaga
Monographien zur Angewandten Entomologie
Entomologica Scandinavica
Systematic Entomology
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Entomology British Museum (Natural History)
Insect Conservation and Diversity
Invertebrate Rearing
Physiological Entomology
Bolletino della Societa Entomologica Italiana
Entomol. Gener.
Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Blackwell Scientific Publications
Entomologica Fennica
Monographien zur Angewandten Entomologie
British Wildlife British Wildlife Publishing
European Journal of Entomology
Bulletin of Insectology
Entomologie
Insecta Mundi
American Entomological Institute Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute Published for/by:American Entomological Institute
American Entomological Society Transactions of the American Entomological Society Published for/by:American Entomological Society
British Entomological and Natural History Society Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Society Published for/by:British Entomological and Natural History Society, British Entomological and Natural History Society
Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging Tijdschrift voor Entomologie Published for/by:Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging
Norwegian Entomological Society Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift Published for/by:Norwegian Entomological Society
Norwegian Entomological Society Norwegian Journal of Entomology (old series) Published for/by:Norwegian Entomological Society
Norwegian Entomological Society Norwegian Journal of Entomology Published for/by:Norwegian Entomological Society

Journals/Plant Pathology

Plant Protection News
Plant Pathology Online
Black, R. New Disease Reports Published for/by:Black, R., The British Society for Plant Pathology
FERA PRAs for consultation on pest risk management Published for/by:FERA

Journals/Regional

Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington
Boletin de la Asociacion Espanola de Entomologia
Far Eastern Entomologist
Opuscula Entomologica
Russian Entomological Journal
Contributions of the American Entomological Institute
Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Malta
Entomologica Germanica
Austral Entomology
Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France
Journal of Entomological Society of Iran
Bulletin de la societe Entomologique du nord de la France
Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft
Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology
Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne
Entomological Society of America Annals of the Entomological Society of America Published for/by:Entomological Society of America
New York Entomological Society Journal of the New York Entomological Society Published for/by:New York Entomological Society
Société royale belge d’Entomologie/Koninklijke Belgische Vereniging voor Entomologie Bulletin de la Société royale belge d’Entomologie/Bulletin van de Koninklijke Belgische Vereniging voor Entomologie Published for/by:Société royale belge d’Entomologie/Koninklijke Belgische Vereniging voor Entomologie
South London Entomological & Natural History Society Proceedings of the South London Entomological & Natural History Society Published for/by:South London Entomological & Natural History Society

Journals

Royal Entomological Society of London Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London Published for/by:Royal Entomological Society of London, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Royal Entomological Society of London Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London Published for/by:Royal Entomological Society of London, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Society for British Entomology Transactions of the Society for British Entomology Published for/by:Society for British Entomology
South London Entomological and Natural History Society Proceedings and Transactions of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society Published for/by:South London Entomological and Natural History Society
Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden Entomologische Abhandlungen Published for/by:Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden
The Entomological Society of Japan Entomological Science Published for/by:The Entomological Society of Japan

Lab Techniques

Kahanpää, J. Ethyl Acetate Wax www.astro.helsinki.fi/~kahanpaa/wax/

Microscopy

Halliday, R.B. 1994 Microscope slide mounting media: results of informal survey www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/acarology/archive/summary.html
Marson, J.E. 1983 Practical Microscopy Northern Biological Supplies

Nature Conservation

Alexander, K.N.A. 2005 The invertebrate assemblage of some arable fields in West Cornwall: a mismatch between invertebrate and plant conservation prioritisation Br. J. Ent. Nat. Hist. Vol 18: 165-170.

Parasitology

Leatherdale, D. 1970 The arthropod hosts of entomogenous fungi in Britain Entomophaga Vol 15: 419-435.
Leatherdale, D. 1966 Host Catalogue of British Entomogenous Fungi: second supplement Ent. Mon. Mag. Vol 101: 163-164.
Leatherdale, D. 1962 Host Catalogue of British Entomogenous Fungi: first supplement Ent. Mon. Mag. Vol 97: 226-227.
Leatherdale, D. 1958 Host Catalogue of British Entomogenous Fungi Ent. Mon. Mag. Vol 94: 103-105.

Perception

Wang, L.Y., Stuart‑Fox, D., Walker, G., Roberts, N.W. & Franklin, A.M. 2022 Insect visual sensitivity to long wavelengths enhances colour contrast of insects against vegetation Nature: Scientific Reports Vol 12: 982.

Photography

Buffington, M. & Gates, M. 2008 Advanced Imaging Techniques II: Using a Compound Microscope for Photographing Point-Mount Specimens American Entomologist Vol 54 (4): 222-224.
Bukovinszky, T., Fatouros, N. & Smid, H. Bugs in the Picture www.bugsinthepicture.com
Droege, S. 2012 Detailed Macrophotography of Insect Specimens: A Laboratory Setup ftp://ftpext.usgs.gov/pub/er/md/laurel/Droege/How%20to%20Take%20MacroPhotographs%20of%20Insects%20BIML%20Lab2.pdf
Fisher, E. 2012 Dome Light Update Fly Times Issue 48: 2-9.

Plant Pathology

Alford, D.V. 2011 Plant Pests HarperCollins

Societies

AES Amateur Entomologists’ Society www.amentsoc.org

Suppliers

Anon. Polybags Ltd www.polybags.co.uk

Survey Methods

Disney, R.H.L. et al 1982 Collecting methods and adequacy of attempted faunal surveys, with reference to Diptera Field Studies 5(4): 607-621.

Uk Legislation

DEFRA/CSL Importing Invertebrates

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may also be relevant to INSECTA (true insects):

BioImagesBioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 47,653 images of INSECTA (true insects)

Insects are characterised by having six legs. Of course there are exceptions: many larvae have no or additional legs (but these are stumpy and obviously different); some adults, especially parasitic forms, have reduced legs. Finally not everything with six legs is an insect: juvenile mites and copepods are both six-legged.

Insects have a chitin exoskeleton. Because this is impermeable to gases, they have a system of branching internal breathing tubes (trachaea) connecting to the outside through paired openings (spiracles) on each segment (generally). Because the exoskeleton is stiff, it is shed (ecdysis) regularly during growth; the number of moults is usually constant for a given species, and the stages between are called instars.

Insects are the most species-rich group of organisms on the planet.

Hard-bodied insects are generally pinned (the exception being beetles which are usually carded, and very small species.) Either way they often need to be relaxed after killing, unless you catch them just right.

Soft-bodied species and larvae are best preserved specimen tubes in 90% alcohol. Use tubes with flat sealing caps ("alcohol tubes") rather than the 3-finned caps which aren’t vapour-proof. To reduce evaporation, store the tubes in a sealed jar (jam jar or kilner jar) which itself contains a few cm of alcohol.

Almost all insects have six-legs, at least when adult.

Almost all organisms with six legs are insects - the exceptions are very tiny, although spiders and harvestmen can lose two legs, so care needs to be taken.

Any cold-blooded organism with wings (ie not bird or bat) is an insect.

RELAXING

Insects are best relaxed in a jar with a few drops of vinegar on a piece of kitchen towel in the bottom. Use a squat jar such as those sold containing savoury spreads. Small insects will relax overnight, larger or stiffer ones might require a couple of days. Beware that the acetic acid will turn copper or brass-headed pins green.

MICROSCOPE PREPS

Insects or insect parts can be softened in 10% KOH. This generally means heating in a water bath for 5 or 10 minutes (depending on size) or leaving overnight at room temperature.

This is the usual method of preparing microscope slides, eg for genitalia preps.

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