[Fungi s.l.]
(fungi (in the broad sense))

Interactions where [Fungi s.l.] is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season Summary
is food source of Hoplothrips ulmi a fungus thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thrips, Kirk, W.D.J., 1996
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Hoplothrips ulmi/Hoplothrips ulmia fungus thrips Fungus / feeder /Fungi s.l./Fungi s.l.fungi (in the broad sense) feeds on
(in cracks in tree bark) in cracks in tree bark mycelium is food source of larva Acanthothrips nodicornis a fungus thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thrips, Kirk, W.D.J., 1996
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Acanthothrips nodicornis/Acanthothrips nodicornisa fungus thripslarva Fungus / feeder /Fungi s.l./Fungi s.l.fungi (in the broad sense)in cracks in tree barkmycelium larva feeds on in cracks in tree bark mycelium
spore spore is food source of female macropter Restricted Bacillothrips nobilis a fungus thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thrips, Kirk, W.D.J., 1996
Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Bacillothrips nobilis/Bacillothrips nobilisa fungus thripsfemale macropter Fungus / feeder /Fungi s.l./Fungi s.l.fungi (in the broad sense)sporeSole (8-9)female macropter feeds on spore
spore spore is food source of female micropter Restricted Bacillothrips nobilis a fungus thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thrips, Kirk, W.D.J., 1996
Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Bacillothrips nobilis/Bacillothrips nobilisa fungus thripsfemale micropter Fungus / feeder /Fungi s.l./Fungi s.l.fungi (in the broad sense)sporeSole (8-9)female micropter feeds on spore
spore spore is food source of male micropter Restricted Bacillothrips nobilis a fungus thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thrips, Kirk, W.D.J., 1996
Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Bacillothrips nobilis/Bacillothrips nobilisa fungus thripsmale micropter Fungus / feeder /Fungi s.l./Fungi s.l.fungi (in the broad sense)sporeSole (8-9)male micropter feeds on spore
spore spore is food source of larva Restricted Bacillothrips nobilis a fungus thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thrips, Kirk, W.D.J., 1996
Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Bacillothrips nobilis/Bacillothrips nobilisa fungus thripslarva Fungus / feeder /Fungi s.l./Fungi s.l.fungi (in the broad sense)sporeSole (8-9)larva feeds on spore
spore spore is food source of female apter Bolothrips dentipes a thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Bolothrips dentipes/Bolothrips dentipesa thripsfemale apter Fungus / feeder /Fungi s.l./Fungi s.l.fungi (in the broad sense)spore (7-9)female apter feeds on spore
spore spore is food source of male apter Bolothrips dentipes a thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Bolothrips dentipes/Bolothrips dentipesa thripsmale apter Fungus / feeder /Fungi s.l./Fungi s.l.fungi (in the broad sense)spore (7-9)male apter feeds on spore
spore spore is food source of larva Bolothrips dentipes a thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Bolothrips dentipes/Bolothrips dentipesa thripslarva Fungus / feeder /Fungi s.l./Fungi s.l.fungi (in the broad sense)spore (7-9)larva feeds on spore
spore spore is food source of female macropter Cryptothrips nigripes a thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Cryptothrips nigripes/Cryptothrips nigripesa thripsfemale macropter Fungus / feeder /Fungi s.l./Fungi s.l.fungi (in the broad sense)spore (5-7)female macropter feeds on spore
spore spore is food source of female micropter Cryptothrips nigripes a thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Cryptothrips nigripes/Cryptothrips nigripesa thripsfemale micropter Fungus / feeder /Fungi s.l./Fungi s.l.fungi (in the broad sense)spore (1,5-9,12)female micropter feeds on spore
spore spore is food source of male micropter Cryptothrips nigripes a thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Cryptothrips nigripes/Cryptothrips nigripesa thripsmale micropter Fungus / feeder /Fungi s.l./Fungi s.l.fungi (in the broad sense)spore (1,5-9,12)male micropter feeds on spore
spore spore is food source of larva Cryptothrips nigripes a thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Cryptothrips nigripes/Cryptothrips nigripesa thripslarva Fungus / feeder /Fungi s.l./Fungi s.l.fungi (in the broad sense)spore (1-3,7-12)larva feeds on spore
spore spore is food source of larva Restricted Megathrips lativentris a fungus thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thrips, Kirk, W.D.J., 1996
Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Megathrips lativentris/Megathrips lativentrisa fungus thripslarva Fungus / feeder /Fungi s.l./Fungi s.l.fungi (in the broad sense)sporeSole (5-10)larva feeds on spore
spore spore is food source of female macropter Restricted Megathrips lativentris a fungus thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thrips, Kirk, W.D.J., 1996
Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Megathrips lativentris/Megathrips lativentrisa fungus thripsfemale macropter Fungus / feeder /Fungi s.l./Fungi s.l.fungi (in the broad sense)sporeSole (4-8)female macropter feeds on spore
spore spore is food source of female micropter Restricted Megathrips lativentris a fungus thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thrips, Kirk, W.D.J., 1996
Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Megathrips lativentris/Megathrips lativentrisa fungus thripsfemale micropter Fungus / feeder /Fungi s.l./Fungi s.l.fungi (in the broad sense)sporeSole (1-10)female micropter feeds on spore
spore spore is food source of male micropter Restricted Megathrips lativentris a fungus thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thrips, Kirk, W.D.J., 1996
Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Megathrips lativentris/Megathrips lativentrisa fungus thripsmale micropter Fungus / feeder /Fungi s.l./Fungi s.l.fungi (in the broad sense)sporeSole (4-9)male micropter feeds on spore

Author & YearTitleSource
Kirk, W.D.J., 1996ThripsNaturalists' Handbooks, 25, 70pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976ThysanopteraHandbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 1, part 11, 79pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Subtaxon Rank Featured
subtaxa
No of
interactions
No of
references
Class 1 subtaxa 1 trophisms
Phylum 171 subtaxa 845 trophisms 199 references
Kingdom 9,723 subtaxa 36,396 trophisms 6,806 references
Phylum 4 references
Phylum 10 subtaxa 29 trophisms 7 references
Class 115 subtaxa 171 trophisms 82 references
Taxonomic hierarchy:
Informal[Fungi s.l.] (fungi (in the broad sense))
DomainEukaryota (eukaryotes)
LifeBIOTA (living things)

Identification Works

Handling & MagnificationAuthorYearTitleSource
Ellis, W.N. Plant Parasites of Europe: leafminers, galls and Fungi bladmineerders.nl

Plant Pathology

() Ellis, M.B. & J.P. 1997 Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook 2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Moore, W.C. 1959 British Parasitic Fungi 430pp, Cambridge University Press

[Fungi s.l.] (fungi (in the broad sense) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

General Works

AuthorYearTitleSource
Cooper, J. & Kirk, P.M. Fungal Records Database of Britain and Ireland www.fieldmycology.net/GBCHKLST/gbchklst.asp
Farr, D.F., & Rossman, A.Y. Fungal databases - Fungus-Host Distributions nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/fungushost/FungusHost.cfm
Gadd, G.M. 2004 Mycotransformation of organic and inorganic substrates Mycologist Vol 18 (2): 60-70.
Marren, P. 2012 Mushrooms The British Wildlife Collection, 1, 272pp, British Wildlife Publishing
Smith, P. Chemical reagents www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/mycology/microscopy/reagents/
Spooner, B. & Roberts, P. 2005 Fungi New Naturalist, 96, 594pp, HarperCollins

Conservation

Hadley, G. 1998 British Mycological Society Policy on Conservation Mycologist Vol 12 (1): 35.

Endophytes

Wearn, J.A., Sutton, B.C., Morley, N.J. & Gange, A.C. 2012 Species and organ specificity of fungal endophytes in herbaceous grassland plants J. Ecology Vol 100: 1085-1092.

Hosts

Blackwell, E. 2004 Some Hints on Identifying Wood in the Field Field Mycology Vol 5 (1): 17-21.
Cooper, J. & Kirk, P.M. FRDBI Hosts www.fieldmycology.net/FRDBI/assoc.asp

Journals

Mycotaxon
Rev. de Mycol.
Sydowia, Annales Mycologici Ser. II
Karstenia Finnish Mycological Society (Societas Mycologica Fennica)
Fungal Ecology British Mycological Society
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
Fungal Genetics and Biology
Cryptogamie Mycologie
Persoonia Rijksherbarium, Leiden
Acta Mycologica
Schlechtendalia
Thunbergia
Sydowia
Association d’Écologie et de Mycologie, Lille Documents Mycologiques, Nouvelle série Published for/by:Association d'Écologie et de Mycologie, Lille
British Mycological Society Bulletin of the British Mycological Society Published for/by:British Mycological Society, Cambridge University Press
British Mycological Society News Bulletin of the British Mycological Society Published for/by:British Mycological Society, British Mycological Society
British Mycological Society Mycologist Published for/by:British Mycological Society, Cambridge University Press
British Mycological Society Fungal Biology Reviews Published for/by:British Mycological Society, British Mycological Society
British Mycological Society Mycologist News Published for/by:British Mycological Society, British Mycological Society
British Mycological Society Transactions of the British Mycological Society Published for/by:British Mycological Society, Cambridge University Press
British Mycological Society Mycological Research Published for/by:British Mycological Society, Cambridge University Press
Fungal Biodiversity Centre (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures) Studies in Mycology Published for/by:Fungal Biodiversity Centre (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures)
German Mycological Society Mycological Progress Published for/by:German Mycological Society

Journals/Plant Pathology

Gardeners Chronicle
Plant Protection News
Plant Pathology Online
Plant Pathology
Black, R. New Disease Reports Published for/by:Black, R., The British Society for Plant Pathology

Journals/Regional

Mycologia Balcanica
HSFG 2007 HSFG News Sheet Published for/by:HSFG

Journals

Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh Published for/by:Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Kew Bulletin Published for/by:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Société Mycologique de France Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France Published for/by:Société Mycologique de France
The Mycological Society of America Mycologia Published for/by:The Mycological Society of America

Libraries And Museums

Kirk, P. Libri Fungorum 194.203.77.76/Librifungorum/index.htm

Marine

Jones, E.B.G. 1988 Do fungi occur in the sea? Mycologist Vol 02 (4): 150-157.

Microscopy

Coupin, J. & D. 1908 Atlas de Botanique Microscopique 126pp, Vigot Freres, Paris
Llewellyn, B.D. Stainsfile: the internet resource for histotechnologists stainsfile.info/StainsFile/jindex.html

Plant Parasites

DEFRA DEFRA Plant Health - Pests and Diseases www.defra.gov.uk/planth/pests.htm

Plant Pathology

Ingram, D. & Robertson, N. Plant Disease: A Natural History

Regional Newsletters

Pembrokeshire Fungus Recording Network Pembrokeshire Fungus Recording Network Newsletter Published for/by:Pembrokeshire Fungus Recording Network

Regional Studies

Dennis, R.W.G. 1995 Fungi of the South East England 383pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Hawksworth, D.L. 1977 Recording fungi in a small area Bull. Br. mycol. Soc. Vol 11 (1): 34-36.

Societies

British Mycological Society

Suppliers

Anon. Polybags Ltd www.polybags.co.uk
Anon. Micro-science/Mycology micro-science.co.uk/mycology.html

Taxonomy

Anon. Index Fungorum www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NAMES.ASP

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may also be relevant to [Fungi s.l.] (fungi (in the broad sense):

BioImagesBioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 39,070 images of [Fungi s.l.] (fungi (in the broad sense)

Fungal specimens are best preserved by drying.

Infected plant material can be pressed, although if there is superficial growth, this will be damaged and may be lost. Most people use gentle warmth for everything from leaf-spots to fleshy toadstools.

This can be as simple as the top of a radiator, although purpose-built driers such as those sold for drying fruit give the best results. Large fleshy species can be placed in the air stream from a fan heater for fast, effective results even with fragile species like inkcaps.

Infected leaves can be placed in folded blotting paper, lightly weighted on top to prevent them curling up too much.

The time taken to dry varies with the method, but can be from a few hours for infected leaves, overnight for small to medium toadstools, or longer for large toadstools or brackets. Large toadstools can become sealed by a dry layer on the outside, but leaving them at room temperature for a day allows the remaining moisture to soften this skin so drying can be resumed

Leaves will curl and go crisp otherwise weight is the easiest way to tell when a specimen is dry. At this point it’s best to leave them at room temperature for a day to soften up, otherwise they can be very fragile.

Dried material keeps reasonably well but is attacked by a variety of pests, especially booklice and mites, and to a lesser extent museum/carpet beetles. Dried material is conventionally stored in paper envelopes, but this gives no protection from insects, so the envelopes need to be stored in batches in sealable plastic bags or boxes. Avoid storing the specimens directly in individual plastic bags as static electricity from handling the bags will make extracting the dried material all but impossible.

Except for some of the more distinctive larger species, microscopic examination is always required to identify fungi. Staining is often necessary to make hyaline tissues and spore ornamentation visible - the question is what stain to use: as a rule of thumb: if it has basidia, use Phloxine; if it has asci, use Melzer’s Iodine; other hyaline ascomycete structures can be stained with Congo Red. Anamorphic fungi generally stain well in Cotton Blue, although dematiaceous hyphomycetes often need no staining.

Photographing spores can be difficult, especially under oil immersion when they move continuously.

Basidiomycete spores should always be examined in a spore print, and if the print is made directly onto glass, the spores often adhere (presumably via the Buller drop) and many even remain in position with Melzer’s Iodine. A variant on this method is to deposit the spores onto the coverslip, so the plage faces upwards.

Various thickening agents can be used for spores which won’t stay put, Glycerine Jelly is best but can make some spores collapse. Methyl Cellulose (aka wallpaper paste) is often used for similar purposes. Xantham Gum (on the "Free From" shelf at the supermarket), Alginate or Gelatine could also be tried.

Both methyl cellulose and xanthan gum contain structures that show up under contrast enhancement techniques (eg Phase Contrast, Differential Interference Contrast): bamboo ropes for methyl cellulose and minute granules for xanthan gum. (Either of these may vary with the source of the material).

Both Gelatin and Methyl Cellulose react strongly with iodine. Xanthan Gum reacts only very weakly.

Xanthan Gum can be prepared by adding the powder to water at about 1:5. Stir until all the white trapped air has disappeared. It keeps for at least a few weeks, but seal to keep out dust and prevent evaporation. To use touch the surface with a glass rod (or finger tip!) and touch onto the slide. As the coverslip is pressed down it will form a thin film without too many air bubbles.

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