The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').
Filters:
Author & Year | Title | Source |
---|---|---|
Kirk, W.D.J., 1996 | Thrips | Naturalists' Handbooks, 25, 70pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd |
Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976 | Thysanoptera | Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 1, part 11, 79pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London |
Subtaxon | Rank | Featured subtaxa |
No of interactions |
No of references |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class | 1 subtaxa | 1 trophisms | |||||
Phylum | 171 subtaxa | 845 trophisms | 199 references | ||||
Kingdom | 9,723 subtaxa | 36,396 trophisms | 6,806 references | ||||
Phylum | 4 references | ||||||
Phylum | 10 subtaxa | 29 trophisms | 7 references | ||||
Class | 115 subtaxa | 171 trophisms | 82 references |
Informal | [Fungi s.l.] (fungi (in the broad sense)) |
Domain | Eukaryota (eukaryotes) |
Life | BIOTA (living things) |
Handling & Magnification | Author | Year | Title | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ellis, W.N. | Plant Parasites of Europe: leafminers, galls and Fungi | bladmineerders.nl | ||
Plant Pathology | ||||
() | Ellis, M.B. & J.P. | 1997 | Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook | 2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd |
Moore, W.C. | 1959 | British Parasitic Fungi | 430pp, Cambridge University Press |
[Fungi s.l.] (fungi (in the broad sense) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:
Author | Year | Title | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Cooper, J. & Kirk, P.M. | Fungal Records Database of Britain and Ireland | www.fieldmycology.net/GBCHKLST/gbchklst.asp | |
Farr, D.F., & Rossman, A.Y. | Fungal databases - Fungus-Host Distributions | nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/fungushost/FungusHost.cfm | |
Gadd, G.M. | 2004 | Mycotransformation of organic and inorganic substrates | Mycologist Vol 18 (2): 60-70. |
Marren, P. | 2012 | Mushrooms | The British Wildlife Collection, 1, 272pp, British Wildlife Publishing |
Smith, P. | Chemical reagents | www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/mycology/microscopy/reagents/ | |
Spooner, B. & Roberts, P. | 2005 | Fungi | New Naturalist, 96, 594pp, HarperCollins |
Conservation | |||
Hadley, G. | 1998 | British Mycological Society Policy on Conservation | Mycologist Vol 12 (1): 35. |
Endophytes | |||
Wearn, J.A., Sutton, B.C., Morley, N.J. & Gange, A.C. | 2012 | Species and organ specificity of fungal endophytes in herbaceous grassland plants | J. Ecology Vol 100: 1085-1092. |
Hosts | |||
Blackwell, E. | 2004 | Some Hints on Identifying Wood in the Field | Field Mycology Vol 5 (1): 17-21. |
Cooper, J. & Kirk, P.M. | FRDBI Hosts | www.fieldmycology.net/FRDBI/assoc.asp | |
Journals | |||
Mycotaxon | |||
Rev. de Mycol. | |||
Sydowia, Annales Mycologici Ser. II | |||
Karstenia | Finnish Mycological Society (Societas Mycologica Fennica) | ||
Fungal Ecology | British Mycological Society | ||
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | |||
Fungal Genetics and Biology | |||
Cryptogamie Mycologie | |||
Persoonia | Rijksherbarium, Leiden | ||
Acta Mycologica | |||
Schlechtendalia | |||
Thunbergia | |||
Sydowia | |||
Association d’Écologie et de Mycologie, Lille | Documents Mycologiques, Nouvelle série | Published for/by:Association d'Écologie et de Mycologie, Lille | |
British Mycological Society | Bulletin of the British Mycological Society | Published for/by:British Mycological Society, Cambridge University Press | |
British Mycological Society | News Bulletin of the British Mycological Society | Published for/by:British Mycological Society, British Mycological Society | |
British Mycological Society | Mycologist | Published for/by:British Mycological Society, Cambridge University Press | |
British Mycological Society | Fungal Biology Reviews | Published for/by:British Mycological Society, British Mycological Society | |
British Mycological Society | Mycologist News | Published for/by:British Mycological Society, British Mycological Society | |
British Mycological Society | Transactions of the British Mycological Society | Published for/by:British Mycological Society, Cambridge University Press | |
British Mycological Society | Mycological Research | Published for/by:British Mycological Society, Cambridge University Press | |
Fungal Biodiversity Centre (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures) | Studies in Mycology | Published for/by:Fungal Biodiversity Centre (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures) | |
German Mycological Society | Mycological Progress | Published for/by:German Mycological Society | |
Journals/Plant Pathology | |||
Gardeners Chronicle | |||
Plant Protection News | |||
Plant Pathology Online | |||
Plant Pathology | |||
Black, R. | New Disease Reports | Published for/by:Black, R., The British Society for Plant Pathology | |
Journals/Regional | |||
Mycologia Balcanica | |||
HSFG | 2007 | HSFG News Sheet | Published for/by:HSFG |
Journals | |||
Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh | Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh | Published for/by:Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh | |
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew | Kew Bulletin | Published for/by:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew | |
Société Mycologique de France | Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France | Published for/by:Société Mycologique de France | |
The Mycological Society of America | Mycologia | Published for/by:The Mycological Society of America | |
Libraries And Museums | |||
Kirk, P. | Libri Fungorum | 194.203.77.76/Librifungorum/index.htm | |
Marine | |||
Jones, E.B.G. | 1988 | Do fungi occur in the sea? | Mycologist Vol 02 (4): 150-157. |
Microscopy | |||
Coupin, J. & D. | 1908 | Atlas de Botanique Microscopique | 126pp, Vigot Freres, Paris |
Llewellyn, B.D. | Stainsfile: the internet resource for histotechnologists | stainsfile.info/StainsFile/jindex.html | |
Plant Parasites | |||
DEFRA | DEFRA Plant Health - Pests and Diseases | www.defra.gov.uk/planth/pests.htm | |
Plant Pathology | |||
Ingram, D. & Robertson, N. | Plant Disease: A Natural History | ||
Regional Newsletters | |||
Pembrokeshire Fungus Recording Network | Pembrokeshire Fungus Recording Network Newsletter | Published for/by:Pembrokeshire Fungus Recording Network | |
Regional Studies | |||
Dennis, R.W.G. | 1995 | Fungi of the South East England | 383pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |
Hawksworth, D.L. | 1977 | Recording fungi in a small area | Bull. Br. mycol. Soc. Vol 11 (1): 34-36. |
Societies | |||
British Mycological Society | |||
Suppliers | |||
Anon. | Polybags Ltd | www.polybags.co.uk | |
Anon. | Micro-science/Mycology | micro-science.co.uk/mycology.html | |
Taxonomy | |||
Anon. | Index Fungorum | www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NAMES.ASP |
Literature listed under the following higher taxa may also be relevant to [Fungi s.l.] (fungi (in the broad sense):
BioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 39,070 images of [Fungi s.l.] (fungi (in the broad sense) |
Fungal specimens are best preserved by drying.
Infected plant material can be pressed, although if there is superficial growth, this will be damaged and may be lost. Most people use gentle warmth for everything from leaf-spots to fleshy toadstools.
This can be as simple as the top of a radiator, although purpose-built driers such as those sold for drying fruit give the best results. Large fleshy species can be placed in the air stream from a fan heater for fast, effective results even with fragile species like inkcaps.
Infected leaves can be placed in folded blotting paper, lightly weighted on top to prevent them curling up too much.
The time taken to dry varies with the method, but can be from a few hours for infected leaves, overnight for small to medium toadstools, or longer for large toadstools or brackets. Large toadstools can become sealed by a dry layer on the outside, but leaving them at room temperature for a day allows the remaining moisture to soften this skin so drying can be resumed
Leaves will curl and go crisp otherwise weight is the easiest way to tell when a specimen is dry. At this point it’s best to leave them at room temperature for a day to soften up, otherwise they can be very fragile.
Dried material keeps reasonably well but is attacked by a variety of pests, especially booklice and mites, and to a lesser extent museum/carpet beetles. Dried material is conventionally stored in paper envelopes, but this gives no protection from insects, so the envelopes need to be stored in batches in sealable plastic bags or boxes. Avoid storing the specimens directly in individual plastic bags as static electricity from handling the bags will make extracting the dried material all but impossible.
Except for some of the more distinctive larger species, microscopic examination is always required to identify fungi. Staining is often necessary to make hyaline tissues and spore ornamentation visible - the question is what stain to use: as a rule of thumb: if it has basidia, use Phloxine; if it has asci, use Melzer’s Iodine; other hyaline ascomycete structures can be stained with Congo Red. Anamorphic fungi generally stain well in Cotton Blue, although dematiaceous hyphomycetes often need no staining.
Photographing spores can be difficult, especially under oil immersion when they move continuously.
Basidiomycete spores should always be examined in a spore print, and if the print is made directly onto glass, the spores often adhere (presumably via the Buller drop) and many even remain in position with Melzer’s Iodine. A variant on this method is to deposit the spores onto the coverslip, so the plage faces upwards.
Various thickening agents can be used for spores which won’t stay put, Glycerine Jelly is best but can make some spores collapse. Methyl Cellulose (aka wallpaper paste) is often used for similar purposes. Xantham Gum (on the "Free From" shelf at the supermarket), Alginate or Gelatine could also be tried.
Both methyl cellulose and xanthan gum contain structures that show up under contrast enhancement techniques (eg Phase Contrast, Differential Interference Contrast): bamboo ropes for methyl cellulose and minute granules for xanthan gum. (Either of these may vary with the source of the material).
Both Gelatin and Methyl Cellulose react strongly with iodine. Xanthan Gum reacts only very weakly.
Xanthan Gum can be prepared by adding the powder to water at about 1:5. Stir until all the white trapped air has disappeared. It keeps for at least a few weeks, but seal to keep out dust and prevent evaporation. To use touch the surface with a glass rod (or finger tip!) and touch onto the slide. As the coverslip is pressed down it will form a thin film without too many air bubbles.
Unless otherwise expressly stated, all original material on the BioInfo website by Malcolm Storey is licensed under the above Creative Commons Licence.