The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').
Stage | Summary | Taxon | Vernacular | Classification | References | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(live) | live mycelium is mycorrhizal with live root | Goodyera repens | Creeping Lady’s-tresses | Asparagales: Orchidaceae | Orchids of Britain & Ireland: a field and site guide, Harrap, A. & S., 2009 |
|||
(live) | live mycelium is mycorrhizal with live root | Hammarbya paludosa | Bog Orchid | Asparagales: Orchidaceae | Orchids of Britain & Ireland: a field and site guide, Harrap, A. & S., 2009 |
|||
(live) | live mycelium is mycorrhizal with live root | Liparis loeselii | Fen Orchid | Asparagales: Orchidaceae | Orchids of Britain & Ireland: a field and site guide, Harrap, A. & S., 2009 |
The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').
Filters:
Author & Year | Title | Source |
---|---|---|
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 | Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook | 2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd |
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998 | Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook | 2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 246pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd |
Harrap, A. & S., 2009 | Orchids of Britain & Ireland: a field and site guide | 2nd edition, 480pp, A&C Black Publishers Ltd |
Jessop, L., 1986 | Dung Beetles and Chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) | Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 5, Part 11, New edition, 53pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London |
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 | Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota | 517pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |
Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976 | Thysanoptera | Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 1, part 11, 79pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London |
Nordbring-Hertz, B., 2004 | Morphogenesis in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora – an extensive plasticity of infection structures | Mycologist Vol 18 (3): 125-133. |
Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959 | Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles | Wayside & Woodland Series, 1959 edition, 436pp, Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd. |
Subtaxon | Rank | Featured subtaxa |
No of interactions |
No of references |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anamorphic Species | 2 trophisms | 2 references | |||||
Anamorphic Species | 1 references | ||||||
Phylum | 5,580 subtaxa | 19,585 trophisms | 2,471 references | ||||
Phylum | 3,838 subtaxa | 16,125 trophisms | 3,852 references | ||||
Phylum | 166 subtaxa | 381 trophisms | 81 references | ||||
Phylum | 1 subtaxa | 1 trophisms | 2 references | ||||
Class | 1 subtaxa | 1 trophisms | |||||
Order | 1 subtaxa | 1 trophisms | |||||
Phylum | 3 subtaxa | 4 trophisms | 3 references | ||||
Class | 3 subtaxa | 4 trophisms | 3 references | ||||
Order | 3 subtaxa | 4 trophisms | 3 references | ||||
Phylum | 128 subtaxa | 251 trophisms | 113 references | ||||
Informal | 13 subtaxa | 13 trophisms | 1 references | ||||
Informal | 1,934 subtaxa | 5,148 trophisms | 463 references | ||||
Informal | 1,036 subtaxa | 2,651 trophisms | 989 references | ||||
Informal | 172 subtaxa | 359 trophisms | 218 references | ||||
Informal | 3,099 subtaxa | 9,229 trophisms | 3,096 references | ||||
Informal | 12,667 subtaxa | 48,722 trophisms | 5,979 references |
Kingdom | FUNGI (true fungi) |
Domain | Eukaryota (eukaryotes) |
Life | BIOTA (living things) |
NBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for FUNGI (true fungi) |
Handling & Magnification | Author | Year | Title | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anon. | Svampe | www.svampe.net/ | ||
Anon. | Index of fungi pages or photographs on The Net | www.grzyby.pl/fglobal-directory.htm | ||
Anon. | Norwegian fungus of the month | www.uio.no/conferences/imc7/ | ||
Aranzadi Society of Sciences | Mikologia | www.aranzadi.eus/micologia/a?lang=eu | ||
Buczacki, S. | 1989 | Fungi of Britain and Europe | Collins New Generation Guides, 320pp, Collins | |
Dickinson, C. & Lucas, J. | 1979 | The Encyclopedia of Mushrooms | 280pp, Orbis | |
Larsen, F.V. | Fungi Images on the Net | www.in2.dk/fungi/imageintroTxt.htm | ||
() | Massee, G. | 1911 | *** British Fungi with a chapter on Lichens (British Fungi and Lichens) ***(Superseded) | 551pp, Routledge |
Ryman, S., Holmasen, I. | 1984 | Svampar - en falthandbok | 718pp, Interpublishing, Stockholm | |
Snowarski, M. | Fungi of Poland | www.grzyby.pl | ||
Stridvall, L. & A. | Leif & Anita Stridvall’s Botanical Site | www.stridvall.se/la/index.php | ||
Wuilbaut, J.J. | Cercle de Mycologie de Mons (Belgique): (Page perso de JJ. Wuilbaut) | users.skynet.be/jjw.myco.mons | ||
Dung Fungi | ||||
() | Doveri, F. | 2007 | Fungi Fimicoli Italici: a guide to the recognition of basidiomycetes and ascomycetes living on faecal material | corrected reprint edition, 1104pp, A.M.B. Fondazione Centro Studi Micologici |
Ecology/Entomogenous Fungi | ||||
Leatherdale, D. | 1970 | The arthropod hosts of entomogenous fungi in Britain | Entomophaga Vol 15: 419-435. | |
Leatherdale, D. | 1966 | Host Catalogue of British Entomogenous Fungi: second supplement | Ent. Mon. Mag. Vol 101: 163-164. | |
Leatherdale, D. | 1962 | Host Catalogue of British Entomogenous Fungi: first supplement | Ent. Mon. Mag. Vol 97: 226-227. | |
Leatherdale, D. | 1958 | Host Catalogue of British Entomogenous Fungi | Ent. Mon. Mag. Vol 94: 103-105. | |
Ecology/Fairy Rings | ||||
Rutter, G. | 2002 | Fairy Rings | Field Mycology Vol 3 (2): 56-60. | |
Hypogeous Fungi | ||||
Montecchi A. & Sarasini, M. | 2000 | Funghi Ipogei D’Europa | 714pp, A.M.B. Fondazione Centro Studi Micologici | |
Lichenicolous Fungi | ||||
Hawksworth, D.L. | 1983 | A Key to the Lichen-forming, Parasitic, Parasymbiotic and Saprophytic Fungi occurring on Lichens in the British Isles | 44pp, The British Lichen Society | |
Myxomyceticolous Fongi | ||||
Ing, B. | 1976 | More on Mouldy Myxomycetes | Bull. Br. mycol. Soc. Vol 10 (1): 30. | |
Myxomyceticolous Fungi | ||||
Ing, B. | 1974 | Mouldy Myxomyxcetes | Bull. Br. mycol. Soc. Vol 8 (1): 25-30. | |
Rogerson, C.T. & Stephenson, S.L. | 1993 | Myxomyceticolous Fungi | Mycologia: 456-469. | |
Pathology | ||||
() | Redfern, M. & Shirley, P. | 2002 | British Plant Galls - Identification of galls on plants and fungi | AIDGAP Keys, 325pp, Field Studies Council |
Plant Galls | ||||
() | Darlington, A. | 1968 | A Pocket Encyclopedia of Plant Galls in colour | Blandford Press |
() | Redfern, M. & Shirley, P. | 2011 | British Plant Galls | AIDGAP Keys, Second edition, 432pp, Field Studies Council |
() | Redfern, M. & Shirley, P. | 2002 | *** British Plant Galls - Identification of galls on plants and fungi ***(Superseded) | AIDGAP Keys, 325pp, Field Studies Council |
() | Stubbs, F.B. (Editor) | 1986 | *** Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls ***(Superseded) | 95pp, British Plant Gall Society (BPGS) |
Plant Pathology | ||||
Anon. | HYP3: Species - Crop diseases | www.inra.fr/internet/Produits/HYP3/species.htm | ||
Hagedorn, G. | Phytopathology.net | www.phytopathology.net |
FUNGI (true fungi) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:
Author | Year | Title | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Anon. | UK Fungi discussion group | ||
Anon. | Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew - RBG(K) | www.rbgkew.org.uk/ | |
Anon. | Fungi of Great Britain and Ireland | s2.fungi.myspecies.info/ | |
Ainsworth, G.C. & Sussman, A.S. (eds) | 1968 | The Fungi, An Advanced Treatise: Volume III, The Fungal Population | x+738pp, Academic Press |
Ainsworth, G.C. & Sussman, A.S. (eds) | 1966 | The Fungi, An Advanced Treatise: Volume II, The Fungal Organism | Academic Press |
Ainsworth, G.C. & Sussman, A.S. (eds) | 1965 | The Fungi, An Advanced Treatise: Volume I, The Fungal Cell | xvi+748pp, Academic Press |
Ainsworth, G.C., Sparrow, F.K. & Sussman, A.S. (eds) | 1973 | The Fungi, An Advanced Treatise: Volume IVA, a taxonomic review with keys: ascomycetes and fungi imperfecti | xviii+621pp, Academic Press |
Ainsworth, G.C., Sparrow, F.K. & Sussman, A.S. (eds) | 1973 | The Fungi, An Advanced Treatise: Volume IVB, a taxonomic review with keys: myxomycetes, phycomycetes, basidiomycetes and lower fungi | xxii+504pp, Academic Press |
Anon | 2014 | Building the infrastructure for conservation of fungi in the UK: the Lost and Found project | . |
Cooper, J. & Kirk, P.M. | Fungal Records Database of Britain and Ireland | www.fieldmycology.net/GBCHKLST/gbchklst.asp | |
Dighton, J., White, J.F. & Oudemans, P., eds. | 2005 | The Fungal Community | 3rd edition edition, Taylor & Francis CRC Press |
Eastwood, D.J. | 1952 | The fungus flora of composts | TBMS Vol 35 (3): 215-220. |
Farr, D.F., & Rossman, A.Y. | Fungal databases - Fungus-Host Distributions | nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/fungushost/FungusHost.cfm | |
Gregory, P.H. | 1952 | Presidential address: Fungus Spores | TBMS Vol 35 (1): 1-18,IN1. |
Holden, L. | 2006 | Putting Fungi on the map: a new name and outlet for the BMS Fungal Records Database | Field Mycology Vol 7 (4): 133-4. |
Janke, E. | 2021 | DNA Fingerprinting for the Field Mycologist | |
Janke, E. | 2021 | DNA Fingerprinting for the Field Mycologist | |
Jordan, M. | Association of British Fungus Groups (ABFG) | www.abfg.org | |
Kendrick, B. (Ed.) | 1979 | The Whole Fungus | 2 vols, 793pp, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa |
László Nagy Laboratory | Fungal Tree of Life poster | group.szbk.u-szeged.hu/sysbiol/nagy-laszlo-lab-poster.html | |
Minter, D.M. | Cybertruffle | www.cybertruffle.org.uk | |
Moore, D., Robson, G.D., Trinci, A.P.J. | 2018 | 21st Century Guidebook to Fungi | |
Roberts, P. & Evans, S. | 2011 | The book of fungi: a life-size guide to six hundred species from around the World. | 656pp, University of Chicago Press |
Smith, P. | Chemical reagents | www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/mycology/microscopy/reagents/ | |
Spooner, B. & Roberts, P. | 2005 | Fungi | New Naturalist, 96, 594pp, HarperCollins |
Talbot, P.H.B. | 1952 | Dispersal of fungus spores by small animals inhabiting wood and bark | TBMS Vol 35 (2): 123-128. |
Twomey, D.G. | 1977 | The rapid preparation of micro-fungi for microscopic observations | Bull. Br. mycol. Soc. Vol 11 (2): 148-149. |
Wainwright, M. | 1989 | Fungi have seen the light | Mycologist Vol 03 (4): 187. |
Wainwright, M. | 1987 | Can fungi grow on ’fresh air’? | Mycologist Vol 01 (4): 182-183. |
Watling, R. | 1988 | Presidential Address | TBMS 90: 14. |
Watling, R. | 1969 | Colour Identification Chart | British Fungus Flora, 3pp, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office |
Webster, J. | 1980 | *** Introduction to Fungi ***(Superseded) | Second edition, 669pp, Cambridge University Press |
Code | |||
McNeill, J.; Barrie, F. R.; Buck, W. R. et al., eds. | 2012 | International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) | Melbourne Code edition, XXX+240pp, Koeltz Scientific Books |
Conservation | |||
Ainsworth, M. | 2004 | BAP fungi handbook | Research Reports EN Report no 600. |
Dahlberg, A., Genney, D.R. & HeilmannClausen, J. | 2010 | Developing a comprehensive strategy for fungal conservation in Europe: current status and future needs | FungEcol Vol 03 (2): 50-64. |
Dove, N.C. & Keeton, W.S. | 2015 | Structural Complexity Enhancement increases fungal species richness in northern hardwood forests | FungEcol Vol 13: 181-192. |
Kirby, K.J. | 1998 | The conservation of fungi in Britain | Mycologist Vol 02 (1): 5-7. |
Decay | |||
Anon. | The body language of decay | www.facebook.com/arbmycota/?ref=all_category_pyml_rhc | |
Ecology | |||
Boddy, L. | 1993 | Saprotrophic cord-forming fungi: warfare strategies and other ecological aspects | Mycol. Res. Vol 97 (06): 641-655. |
Bolton, R.G. & Boddy, L. | 1993 | Characterization of the spatial aspects of foraging mycelial cord systems using fractal geometry | Mycol. Res. Vol 97 (06): 762-768. |
Burford, E.P., Kierans, M. & Gadd, G.M. | 2003 | Geomycology: fungi in mineral substrata | Mycologist Vol 17 (3): 98-107. |
Burges, A. | 1950 | The downward movement of fungal spores in sandy soil | TBMS Vol 33 (1+2): 142-147. |
Ecology/Endophytes | |||
2007 | Fungal Endophytes | Fungal Biology Reviews Vol 21, parts 2-3: 49-124. | |
Ecology/Keratinophiles | |||
English, M.P. | 1971 | Forays among the funguses of small wild animals | Bull. Br. mycol. Soc. Vol 05 (1): 25-27. |
Ecology | |||
Lindahl, B.D. & Olsson, S. | 2004 | Fungal translocation - creating and responding to environmental heterogeneity | Mycologist Vol 18 (2): 79-88. |
Money, N.P. | 2004 | The fungal dining habit: a biomechanical perspective | Mycologist Vol 18 (2): 71-76. |
Ecology/Mycorrhiza | |||
Finlay, R.D. | 2005 | Mycorrhizal symbiosis: myths, misconceptions, new perspectives and future research priorities | Mycologist Vol 19 (3): 90-95. |
Taylor, A.S. & Alexander, I. | 2005 | The ectomycorrhizal symbiosis: life in the real world | Mycologist Vol 19 (3): 102-112. |
Ecology | |||
Newton, A.C. & Haigh, J.M. | 1998 | Diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Britain: a test of the species-area relationship, and the role of host specificity | New Phytologist 138: 619-627. |
Schwarze, F.W.M.R., Engels, J. & Matteck, C. | 2000 | Fungal Strategies of Wood Decay in Trees | 185pp, Springer-Verlag, Berlin |
Watkinson, S.C., Boddy. L. et al | 2006 | New approaches to investigating the function of mycelial networks | Mycologist Vol 19 (1): 11-17. |
Endophytes | |||
Promputtha, I., Hyde, K.D., McKenzie, E.H.C., Peberdy, J.F. & Lumyong, S. | 2010 | Can leaf degrading enzymes provide evidence that endophytic fungi becoming saprobes? | FungalDiversity Vol 41: 89-99. |
English Names | |||
Holden, L. | 2003 | List of Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK | 22pp, British Mycological Society |
Hosts | |||
Anon. | Projet Aulnaies - programme d’inventaire et de typologie mycologique des aulnaies françaises | projet.aulnaies.free.fr/ | |
Blackwell, E. | 2004 | Some Hints on Identifying Wood in the Field | Field Mycology Vol 5 (1): 17-21. |
Cooper, J. & Kirk, P.M. | FRDBI Hosts | www.fieldmycology.net/FRDBI/assoc.asp | |
Richardson, M.J. | 1979 | An Annotated list of Seed-borne Diseases | Phytopathological Papers, No. 23, Third Edition edition, 320pp, Commonwealth Mycological Institute |
Journal/Icones | |||
Jardin Botanique National de Belgium | Icones Mycologicae | Published for/by:Jardin Botanique National de Belgium | |
Journals | |||
Persoonia | Rijksherbarium, Leiden | ||
Cryptogamie Mycologie | |||
Rev. de Mycol. | |||
Sydowia, Annales Mycologici Ser. II | |||
Karstenia | Finnish Mycological Society (Societas Mycologica Fennica) | ||
Fungi non Delineati | Candusso - Alssio | ||
Mycosystema | |||
Mycotaxon | |||
Czech Mycology | |||
Fungal Ecology | British Mycological Society | ||
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | |||
Mycorrhiza | |||
Fungal Genetics and Biology | |||
Acta Mycologica | |||
Nordic Journal of Botany | |||
Fungal Diversity | |||
Schlechtendalia | |||
Thunbergia | |||
Mycokeys | Pensoft | ||
Scripta Mycologia | |||
Mycosphere online - journal of fungal biology | Mushroom Research Foundation, Chiang Rai, Thailand | ||
Bulletin Trimestriel de la Societe Mycologique de France | |||
Sydowia | |||
Association d’Écologie et de Mycologie, Lille | Documents Mycologiques, Nouvelle série | Published for/by:Association d'Écologie et de Mycologie, Lille | |
British Mycological Society (BMS) | Field Mycology | Published for/by:British Mycological Society (BMS), Elsevier | |
British Mycological Society | Transactions of the British Mycological Society | Published for/by:British Mycological Society, Cambridge University Press | |
British Mycological Society | Mycological Research | Published for/by:British Mycological Society, Cambridge University Press | |
British Mycological Society | Mycologist | Published for/by:British Mycological Society, Cambridge University Press | |
British Mycological Society | Bulletin of the British Mycological Society | Published for/by:British Mycological Society, Cambridge University Press | |
British Mycological Society | Fungal Biology Reviews | Published for/by:British Mycological Society, British Mycological Society | |
British Mycological Society | Mycologist News | Published for/by:British Mycological Society, British Mycological Society | |
British Mycological Society | News Bulletin of the British Mycological Society | Published for/by:British Mycological Society, British Mycological Society | |
British Mycological Society | Fungal Biology | Published for/by:British Mycological Society | |
Fungal Biodiversity Centre (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures) | Studies in Mycology | Published for/by:Fungal Biodiversity Centre (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures) | |
German Mycological Society | Mycological Progress | Published for/by:German Mycological Society | |
Journals/Medical And Veterinary | |||
CMI/CABI | CMI Descriptions of Pathenogenic Fungi and Bacteria | Published for/by:CMI/CABI, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux | |
Journals | |||
Österreichischen Mykologischen Gesellschaft (Austrian Mycological Society) | Österreichische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde | Published for/by:Österreichischen Mykologischen Gesellschaft (Austrian Mycological Society) | |
Journals/Plant Galls | |||
Cecidology | British Plant Gall Society (BPGS) | ||
Journals/Plant Pathology | |||
Phytopathology | |||
Phytopathology | |||
Gardeners Chronicle | |||
Plant Protection News | |||
Plant Pathology Online | |||
Plant Pathology | |||
Black, R. | New Disease Reports | Published for/by:Black, R., The British Society for Plant Pathology | |
CMI/CABI | CMI Descriptions of Pathenogenic Fungi and Bacteria | Published for/by:CMI/CABI, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux | |
FERA | PRAs for consultation on pest risk management | Published for/by:FERA | |
Journals/Regional | |||
Polish Botanical Journal | |||
Mycologia Balcanica | |||
Mycologia Bavarica | |||
HSFG | 2007 | HSFG News Sheet | Published for/by:HSFG |
Journals | |||
Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh | Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh | Published for/by:Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh | |
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew | Kew Bulletin | Published for/by:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew | |
Société Mycologique de France | Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France | Published for/by:Société Mycologique de France | |
The Mycological Society of America | Mycologia | Published for/by:The Mycological Society of America | |
Libraries And Museums | |||
Kirk, P. | Libri Fungorum | 194.203.77.76/Librifungorum/index.htm | |
Lichenicolous Fungi | |||
Fox, H.F. | 2001 | Census catalogue of the lichenicolous fungi of Ireland | |
Hawksworth, D.L. | 2004 | Fungi living on lichens: a source of unexplored diversity | British Wildlife Vol 15, No. 3: 192-199. |
Hawksworth, D.L. | 2003 | The lichenicolous fungi of Great Britain and Ireland: an overview and annotated checklist | Lichenologist Vol 35: 191-232. |
Marine | |||
Jones, E.B.G. | 1988 | Do fungi occur in the sea? | Mycologist Vol 02 (4): 150-157. |
Landy, E.T. & Jones, G.M. | 2006 | What is the Fungal Diversity of Marine Ecosystems in Europe? | Mycologist Vol 20 (1): 15-21. |
Medical | |||
Pegler, D.N. & Watling, R. | 1982 | British Toxic Fungi | Bull. Br. mycol. Soc. Vol 16 (1): 66-75. |
Rätsch, A. | 2005 | The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants. Ethnopharmacology and its Applications | Park Street Press |
Schmidt, R.J. | Botanical Dermatology Database (BoDD) | www.botanical-dermatology-database.info | |
Microscopy | |||
Coupin, J. & D. | 1908 | Atlas de Botanique Microscopique | 126pp, Vigot Freres, Paris |
Llewellyn, B.D. | Stainsfile: the internet resource for histotechnologists | stainsfile.info/StainsFile/jindex.html | |
Omar, M.B., Bolland, L. & Heather, W.A. | 1979 | A permanent mounting medium for Fungi | Bull. Br. mycol. Soc. Vol 13 (1): 31-32. |
Nature Conservation | |||
Evans, S., Marren, P. & Harper, M. | Important Fungus Areas - a provisional assessment of the best sites for fungi in the United Kingdom | 15pp, Plantlife International | |
Evans, S. | 2007 | Red Data List for Fungi | |
Hodgetts, N.G. | 1996 | Conservation of Lower Plants in Woodland | 32pp, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough |
Ing, B. | 1992 | *** A provisional Red Data List of British fungi ***(Superseded) | Mycologist Vol 06 (3): 124-128. |
Orton, P.D. | 1994 | *** Some comments on ’A Provisional Red Data List of British Fungi’ by B. Ing ***(Superseded) | Mycologist Vol 08 (2). |
The Association of British Fungus Groups | The UK Provisional BAP species | abfg.org/bap1.php | |
Plant Parasites | |||
DEFRA | DEFRA Plant Health - Pests and Diseases | www.defra.gov.uk/planth/pests.htm | |
Plant Pathology | |||
Holliday, P. | 1990 | A Dictionary of Plant Pathology | Reprint with corrections edition, 369pp, Cambridge University Press |
Ingram, D. & Robertson, N. | Plant Disease: A Natural History | ||
Predatory Fungi | |||
Duddington, C.L. | 1951 | The Ecology of Predacious Fungi I: Preliminary survey. | TBMS Vol 34 (3): 322-331. |
Regional Newsletters | |||
Pembrokeshire Fungus Recording Network | Pembrokeshire Fungus Recording Network Newsletter | Published for/by:Pembrokeshire Fungus Recording Network | |
Regional Studies | |||
Crawley, M. | 2005 | The Flora of Berkshire | 1375pp, Brambleby Books |
Dennis, R.W.G. | 1986 | Fungi of the Hebrides | 383pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |
Dickson, G. & Leonard, A. | 1996 | Fungi of the New Forest - A Mycota | 210pp, British Mycological Society |
Hall, G.S., Hawksworth, D.L. & Livingstone, S. | 1994 | Isolation of microfungi from soil and water samples from the Slapton Ley National Nature Reserve | Field Studies 8(3): 473-479. |
Societies | |||
Anon. | Société Mycologique de France | www.mycofrance.org | |
Species And Speciation | |||
Bidartondo, M. & Gardes, M. | Fungal Diversity in Molecular Terms: profiling, identification, and quantification in the environment | Bidartondo, M. & Gardes, M. Fungal Diversity in Molecular Terms: profiling, identification, and quantification in the environment, 25pp, The Fungal Community | |
Taylor, J.W., et al | 2000 | Phylogenetic Species Recognition and Species Concepts in Fungi | Fungal Genetics and Biology 31: 21-32. |
Spore Shape | |||
Hyde, K.D., Greenwood, R. & Jones, E.B.G. | 1993 | Spore attachment in marine fungi | Mycol. Res. Vol 97 (01): 7-14. |
Suppliers | |||
Anon. | Micro-science/Mycology | micro-science.co.uk/mycology.html | |
Anon. | Polybags Ltd | www.polybags.co.uk | |
Taxonomy | |||
Anon. | Index Fungorum | www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NAMES.ASP | |
Techniques | |||
Armitage, F.D. | 1945 | Chlorazol Black E as a stain for mycological specimens | TBMS Vol 27 (3+4): 131-133, Plates XII,XIII. |
Literature listed under the following higher taxa may also be relevant to FUNGI (true fungi):
BioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 37,649 images of FUNGI (true fungi) |
The Fungi are a large group of organisms which are ubiquitous in terrestrial habitats. They are less abundant in freshwater habitats and comparatively rare in in the sea. Fungi are characterised by a filamentous growth form (mycelium), reproduction by haploid spores, and a sexual cycle which involves delayed nuclear fusion (dikaryon). A few groups form large sporulating colonies (mushrooms, toadstools, brackets etc).
Although usually thought of as decomposers, many have other lifestyles. Some are parasitic; a small number of these are of medical importance, but most are plant parasites and a few are economically very significant.
Other fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots (mycorrhiza). The fungus mycelium is able to permeate the soil further afield than the plant’s root hairs and so can harvest minerals from a larger soil volume. These are made available to the plant while sugars from photosynthesis leak from the roots to the fungus. Many of the most striking autumn toadstools (Amanita, Cortinarius, Tricholoma, Boletus sl.) are mycorrhizal with forest trees (esp Oak, Beech, Hazel, Willow, Birch and Pine). Most other plants and trees are mycorrhizal with lower fungi like the Pea Truffles (Endogone). The exception is the Cabbage family, Brassicaceae, which is not known to form mycorrhizal associations and is rarely affected by Rust Fungi (the exception to the exception is Scurvy Grass - Cochlearia spp.) - this is probably due to the mustard oils which give them their distinctive flavour and smell.
Mycorrhizal fungi can be parasitised by higher plants, maybe with another fungus as intermediary. The plants formerly called "Saprophytes" fall into this category: there is insufficient nitrogen or useable carbohydrate in leaf litter to support a flowering plant.
Lichens are another example of fungi forming symbioses with photosynthetic organisms, in this case: algae or cyanobacteria. The combined organism is able to live in much harsher environments than either could alone. Some lichens grow just inside rocks (endolithic) where they wait for erosion processes to release their spores.
Prof D.L. Hawksworth has estimated that there are 6 species of fungus for every species of flowering plant, suggesting there are 1.5 million species of fungi on Earth. Less than 20% of these are known to science, although in Europe, which has been well-studied, the percentage is far greater.
Fungal specimens are best preserved by drying.
Infected plant material can be lightly pressed, although if there is superficial growth, this will be damaged and may be lost. Most people use gentle warmth for everything from leaf-spots to fleshy toadstools.
This can be as simple as the top of a radiator, although purpose-built driers such as those sold for drying fruit give the best results. Large fleshy species can be placed in the air stream from a fan heater for fast, effective results even with fragile species like inkcaps.
Infected leaves can be placed in folded blotting paper, lightly weighted on top to prevent them curling up too much.
The time taken to dry varies with the method, but can be from a few hours for infected leaves, overnight for small to medium toadstools, or longer for large toadstools or brackets. Large toadstools can become sealed by a dry layer on the outside, but leaving them at room temperature for a day allows the remaining moisture to soften this skin so drying can be resumed.
Leaves will curl and go crisp otherwise weight is the easiest way to tell when a specimen is dry. At this point it’s best to leave them at room temperature for a day to soften up, otherwise they can be very fragile.
Dried material keeps reasonably well but is attacked by a variety of pests, especially booklice and mites, and to a lesser extent museum/carpet beetles. Dried material is conventionally stored in paper envelopes, but this gives no protection from insects, so the envelopes need to be stored in batches in sealable plastic bags or boxes. Avoid storing the specimens directly in individual plastic bags as static electricity from handling the bags will make extracting the dried material all but impossible.
Except for some of the more distinctive larger species, microscopic examination is always required to identify fungi. Staining is often necessary to make hyaline tissues and spores visible - the question is what stain to use? As a rule of thumb: if it has basidia, use Phloxine; if it has asci, use Melzer’s Iodine; other hyaline ascomycete structures can be stained with Congo Red. Anamorphic fungi generally stain well in Cotton Blue, although dematiaceous hyphomycetes generally need no staining.
True fungi, including mushrooms, toadstools, cup fungi, moulds and lichens, but excluding those groups which used to be regarded as fungi until modern research showed them to be closer to algae (oomycetes) or protozoa (slime moulds).
Unless otherwise expressly stated, all original material on the BioInfo website by Malcolm Storey is licensed under the above Creative Commons Licence.