FUNGI R.T. Moore
(true fungi)

Interactions where FUNGI is the dominant partner and gains from the process

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Stage Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season
(live) live mycelium is mycorrhizal with live root Goodyera repens Creeping Lady’s-tresses Asparagales: Orchidaceae Orchids of Britain & Ireland: a field and site guide, Harrap, A. & S., 2009
/Fungi/Fungitrue fungilivemycelium Foodplant / mycorrhiza /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asparagales/Orchidaceae/Goodyera repens/Goodyera repenscreeping lady's-tressesliveroot
(live) live mycelium is mycorrhizal with live root Hammarbya paludosa Bog Orchid Asparagales: Orchidaceae Orchids of Britain & Ireland: a field and site guide, Harrap, A. & S., 2009
/Fungi/Fungitrue fungilivemycelium Foodplant / mycorrhiza /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asparagales/Orchidaceae/Hammarbya paludosa/Hammarbya paludosabog orchidliveroot
(live) live mycelium is mycorrhizal with live root Liparis loeselii Fen Orchid Asparagales: Orchidaceae Orchids of Britain & Ireland: a field and site guide, Harrap, A. & S., 2009
/Fungi/Fungitrue fungilivemycelium Foodplant / mycorrhiza /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asparagales/Orchidaceae/Liparis loeselii/Liparis loeseliifen orchidliveroot

Interactions where FUNGI is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season Summary
mycelium is food source of nymph Aneurus avenius a flat bark bug Hemiptera: Aradidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Aradidae/Aneurus (Aneurodes) avenius/Aneurus (Aneurodes) aveniusa flat bark bugnymph Fungus / feeder /Fungi/Fungitrue fungimycelium nymph feeds on mycelium
mycelium is food source of nymph Aneurus laevis a flat bark bug Hemiptera: Aradidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Aradidae/Aneurus (Aneurus) laevis/Aneurus (Aneurus) laevisa flat bark bugnymph Fungus / feeder /Fungi/Fungitrue fungimycelium nymph feeds on mycelium
mycelium is food source of adult Aneurus laevis a flat bark bug Hemiptera: Aradidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Aradidae/Aneurus (Aneurus) laevis/Aneurus (Aneurus) laevisa flat bark bugadult Fungus / feeder /Fungi/Fungitrue fungimycelium adult feeds on mycelium
mycelium is food source of nymph Questionable Aradus corticalis a flat bark bug Hemiptera: Aradidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Aradidae/Aradus corticalis/Aradus corticalisa flat bark bugnymph Fungus / feeder /Fungi/Fungitrue fungi?mycelium nymph feeds on mycelium
fruitbody is food source of Aradus depressus a flat bark bug Hemiptera: Aradidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Aradidae/Aradus depressus/Aradus depressusa flat bark bug Fungus / feeder /Fungi/Fungitrue fungifruitbody feeds on fruitbody
mycelium is food source of Aradus depressus a flat bark bug Hemiptera: Aradidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Aradidae/Aradus depressus/Aradus depressusa flat bark bug Fungus / feeder /Fungi/Fungitrue fungimycelium feeds on mycelium
fruitbody (small) is food source of adult Scolopostethus pictus a ground bug Hemiptera: Lygaeidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Lygaeidae/Scolopostethus pictus/Scolopostethus pictusa ground bugadult Fungus / feeder /Fungi/Fungitrue fungifruitbody (small) adult feeds on fruitbody (small)
fruitbody (small) is food source of nymph Scolopostethus pictus a ground bug Hemiptera: Lygaeidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Lygaeidae/Scolopostethus pictus/Scolopostethus pictusa ground bugnymph Fungus / feeder /Fungi/Fungitrue fungifruitbody (small) nymph feeds on fruitbody (small)
is food source of female macropter Hoplothrips corticis a thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Hoplothrips corticis/Hoplothrips corticisa thripsfemale macropter Fungus / feeder /Fungi/Fungitrue fungi (3,5-9,12)female macropter feeds on
is food source of female micropter Hoplothrips corticis a thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Hoplothrips corticis/Hoplothrips corticisa thripsfemale micropter Fungus / feeder /Fungi/Fungitrue fungi (2-10)female micropter feeds on
is food source of male micropter Hoplothrips corticis a thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Hoplothrips corticis/Hoplothrips corticisa thripsmale micropter Fungus / feeder /Fungi/Fungitrue fungi (2-10)male micropter feeds on
is food source of larva Hoplothrips corticis a thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Hoplothrips corticis/Hoplothrips corticisa thripslarva Fungus / feeder /Fungi/Fungitrue fungi (3-10)larva feeds on
is parasitised by clustered apothecium Unguiculariopsis ilicincola a discomycete Helotiales: Helotiaceae Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Helotiaceae/Unguiculariopsis ilicincola/Unguiculariopsis ilicincolaa discomyceteclusteredapothecium Fungus / parasite /Fungi/Fungitrue fungi clustered apothecium parasitises
is parasitised by scattered, mostly superficial perithecium Minor Syspastospora parasitica a pyrenomycete Hypocreales: Hypocreaceae Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Hypocreaceae/Syspastospora parasitica/Syspastospora parasiticaa pyrenomycetescattered, mostly superficialperithecium Fungus / parasite /Fungi/Fungitrue fungiMinor scattered, mostly superficial perithecium parasitises
mycelium is parasitised by sporangiophore Mortierella bainieri a pin mould Mortierellales: Mortierellaceae Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998
/Fungi/Zygomycota/Zygomycetes/Mortierellales/Mortierellaceae/Mortierella bainieri/Mortierella bainieria pin mouldsporangiophore Fungus / parasite /Fungi/Fungitrue fungimycelium sporangiophore parasitises mycelium
(small) small fruitbody is food source of larva Liothorax plagiatus a dung beetle Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dung Beetles and Chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea), Jessop, L., 1986
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Scarabaeidae/Liothorax plagiatus/Liothorax plagiatusa dung beetlelarva Fungus / feeder /Fungi/Fungitrue fungismallfruitbody larva feeds on small fruitbody
(subterranean) subterranean fruitbody may contain larva Restricted Odonteus armiger a dumbledor Coleoptera: Geotrupidae Dung Beetles and Chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea), Jessop, L., 1986
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Geotrupidae/Odonteus armiger/Odonteus armigera dumbledorlarva Fungus / internal feeder /Fungi/Fungitrue fungisubterraneanfruitbodySole larva feeds within subterranean fruitbody
fruitbody fruitbody is parasitised by colony of Calcarisporium anamorph Calcarisporium arbuscula an anamorphic fungus Hypocreales Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Calcarisporium arbuscula/Calcarisporium arbusculaan anamorphic funguscolonyCalcarisporium anamorph Fungus / parasite /Fungi/Fungitrue fungifruitbody colony of Calcarisporium anamorph parasitises fruitbody
hypha (live, shrivelled) live, shrivelled hypha is parasitised by hyphal coil of Arthrobotrys anamorph Arthrobotrys oligospora a nematode-trapping anamorphic fungus Orbiliales: Orbiliaceae Morphogenesis in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora – an extensive plasticity of infection structures, Nordbring-Hertz, B., 2004
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Orbiliomycetes/Orbiliales/Orbiliaceae/Arthrobotrys oligospora/Arthrobotrys oligosporaa nematode-trapping anamorphic fungushyphal coilArthrobotrys anamorph Fungus / parasite /Fungi/Fungitrue fungilive, shrivelledhypha hyphal coil of Arthrobotrys anamorph parasitises live, shrivelled hypha
hyphae hyphae is food source of adult Drymus brunneus a ground bug Hemiptera: Lygaeidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Lygaeidae/Drymus (Sylvadrymus) brunneus/Drymus (Sylvadrymus) brunneusa ground bugadult Fungus / feeder /Fungi/Fungitrue fungihyphae adult feeds on hyphae
hyphae hyphae is food source of nymph Drymus brunneus a ground bug Hemiptera: Lygaeidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Lygaeidae/Drymus (Sylvadrymus) brunneus/Drymus (Sylvadrymus) brunneusa ground bugnymph Fungus / feeder /Fungi/Fungitrue fungihyphae nymph feeds on hyphae
hyphae hyphae is food source of nymph Drymus sylvaticus a ground bug Hemiptera: Lygaeidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Lygaeidae/Drymus (Sylvadrymus) sylvaticus/Drymus (Sylvadrymus) sylvaticusa ground bugnymph Fungus / feeder /Fungi/Fungitrue fungihyphae nymph feeds on hyphae
hyphae hyphae is food source of adult Drymus sylvaticus a ground bug Hemiptera: Lygaeidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Lygaeidae/Drymus (Sylvadrymus) sylvaticus/Drymus (Sylvadrymus) sylvaticusa ground bugadult Fungus / feeder /Fungi/Fungitrue fungihyphae adult feeds on hyphae
mycelium mycelium is parasitised by sporangiophore Piptocephalis freseniana a pin mould Zoopagales: Piptocephalidaceae Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998
/Fungi/Zygomycota/Zygomycetes/Zoopagales/Piptocephalidaceae/Piptocephalis freseniana/Piptocephalis fresenianaa pin mouldsporangiophore Fungus / parasite /Fungi/Fungitrue fungimycelium sporangiophore parasitises mycelium
sclerotium sclerotium is parasitised by fruitbody Tetragoniomyces uliginosus a jelly fungus Tremellales: Tetragoniomycetaceae Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Tremellomycetes/Tremellales/Tetragoniomycetaceae/Tetragoniomyces uliginosus/Tetragoniomyces uliginosusa jelly fungusfruitbody Fungus / parasite /Fungi/Fungitrue fungisclerotium fruitbody parasitises sclerotium
spore spore is food source of female Megalothrips bonannii a thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Megalothrips bonannii/Megalothrips bonanniia thripsfemale Fungus / feeder /Fungi/Fungitrue fungispore (8-10)female feeds on spore
spore spore is food source of male Megalothrips bonannii a thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Megalothrips bonannii/Megalothrips bonanniia thripsmale Fungus / feeder /Fungi/Fungitrue fungispore (10)male feeds on spore
spore spore is food source of larva Megalothrips bonannii a thrips Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Phlaeothripidae/Megalothrips bonannii/Megalothrips bonanniia thripslarva Fungus / feeder /Fungi/Fungitrue fungispore (10)larva feeds on spore

Author & YearTitleSource
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 246pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Harrap, A. & S., 2009Orchids of Britain & Ireland: a field and site guide2nd edition, 480pp, A&C Black Publishers Ltd
Jessop, L., 1986Dung Beetles and Chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 5, Part 11, New edition, 53pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota517pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976ThysanopteraHandbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 1, part 11, 79pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Nordbring-Hertz, B., 2004Morphogenesis in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora – an extensive plasticity of infection structuresMycologist Vol 18 (3): 125-133.
Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959Land and Water Bugs of the British IslesWayside & Woodland Series, 1959 edition, 436pp, Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd.
Subtaxon Rank Featured
subtaxa
No of
interactions
No of
references
Anamorphic Species 2 trophisms 2 references
Anamorphic Species 1 references
Phylum 5,580 subtaxa 19,585 trophisms 2,471 references
Phylum 3,838 subtaxa 16,125 trophisms 3,852 references
Phylum 166 subtaxa 381 trophisms 81 references
Phylum 1 subtaxa 1 trophisms 2 references
Class 1 subtaxa 1 trophisms
Order 1 subtaxa 1 trophisms
Phylum 3 subtaxa 4 trophisms 3 references
Class 3 subtaxa 4 trophisms 3 references
Order 3 subtaxa 4 trophisms 3 references
Phylum 128 subtaxa 251 trophisms 113 references
Informal 13 subtaxa 13 trophisms 1 references
Informal 1,934 subtaxa 5,148 trophisms 463 references
Informal 1,036 subtaxa 2,651 trophisms 989 references
Informal 172 subtaxa 359 trophisms 218 references
Informal 3,099 subtaxa 9,229 trophisms 3,096 references
Informal 12,667 subtaxa 48,722 trophisms 5,979 references
Taxonomic hierarchy:
KingdomFUNGI (true fungi)
DomainEukaryota (eukaryotes)
LifeBIOTA (living things)
NBNNBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for FUNGI (true fungi)

Identification Works

Handling & MagnificationAuthorYearTitleSource
Anon. Svampe www.svampe.net/
Anon. Index of fungi pages or photographs on The Net www.grzyby.pl/fglobal-directory.htm
Anon. Norwegian fungus of the month www.uio.no/conferences/imc7/
Aranzadi Society of Sciences Mikologia www.aranzadi.eus/micologia/a?lang=eu
Buczacki, S. 1989 Fungi of Britain and Europe Collins New Generation Guides, 320pp, Collins
Dickinson, C. & Lucas, J. 1979 The Encyclopedia of Mushrooms 280pp, Orbis
Larsen, F.V. Fungi Images on the Net www.in2.dk/fungi/imageintroTxt.htm
() Massee, G. 1911 *** British Fungi with a chapter on Lichens (British Fungi and Lichens) ***(Superseded) 551pp, Routledge
Ryman, S., Holmasen, I. 1984 Svampar - en falthandbok 718pp, Interpublishing, Stockholm
Snowarski, M. Fungi of Poland www.grzyby.pl
Stridvall, L. & A. Leif & Anita Stridvall’s Botanical Site www.stridvall.se/la/index.php
Wuilbaut, J.J. Cercle de Mycologie de Mons (Belgique): (Page perso de JJ. Wuilbaut) users.skynet.be/jjw.myco.mons

Dung Fungi

() Doveri, F. 2007 Fungi Fimicoli Italici: a guide to the recognition of basidiomycetes and ascomycetes living on faecal material corrected reprint edition, 1104pp, A.M.B. Fondazione Centro Studi Micologici

Ecology/Entomogenous Fungi

Leatherdale, D. 1970 The arthropod hosts of entomogenous fungi in Britain Entomophaga Vol 15: 419-435.
Leatherdale, D. 1966 Host Catalogue of British Entomogenous Fungi: second supplement Ent. Mon. Mag. Vol 101: 163-164.
Leatherdale, D. 1962 Host Catalogue of British Entomogenous Fungi: first supplement Ent. Mon. Mag. Vol 97: 226-227.
Leatherdale, D. 1958 Host Catalogue of British Entomogenous Fungi Ent. Mon. Mag. Vol 94: 103-105.

Ecology/Fairy Rings

Rutter, G. 2002 Fairy Rings Field Mycology Vol 3 (2): 56-60.

Hypogeous Fungi

Montecchi A. & Sarasini, M. 2000 Funghi Ipogei D’Europa 714pp, A.M.B. Fondazione Centro Studi Micologici

Lichenicolous Fungi

Hawksworth, D.L. 1983 A Key to the Lichen-forming, Parasitic, Parasymbiotic and Saprophytic Fungi occurring on Lichens in the British Isles 44pp, The British Lichen Society

Myxomyceticolous Fongi

Ing, B. 1976 More on Mouldy Myxomycetes Bull. Br. mycol. Soc. Vol 10 (1): 30.

Myxomyceticolous Fungi

Ing, B. 1974 Mouldy Myxomyxcetes Bull. Br. mycol. Soc. Vol 8 (1): 25-30.
Rogerson, C.T. & Stephenson, S.L. 1993 Myxomyceticolous Fungi Mycologia: 456-469.

Pathology

() Redfern, M. & Shirley, P. 2002 British Plant Galls - Identification of galls on plants and fungi AIDGAP Keys, 325pp, Field Studies Council

Plant Galls

() Darlington, A. 1968 A Pocket Encyclopedia of Plant Galls in colour Blandford Press
() Redfern, M. & Shirley, P. 2011 British Plant Galls AIDGAP Keys, Second edition, 432pp, Field Studies Council
() Redfern, M. & Shirley, P. 2002 *** British Plant Galls - Identification of galls on plants and fungi ***(Superseded) AIDGAP Keys, 325pp, Field Studies Council
() Stubbs, F.B. (Editor) 1986 *** Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls ***(Superseded) 95pp, British Plant Gall Society (BPGS)

Plant Pathology

Anon. HYP3: Species - Crop diseases www.inra.fr/internet/Produits/HYP3/species.htm
Hagedorn, G. Phytopathology.net www.phytopathology.net

FUNGI (true fungi) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

General Works

AuthorYearTitleSource
Anon. UK Fungi discussion group
Anon. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew - RBG(K) www.rbgkew.org.uk/
Anon. Fungi of Great Britain and Ireland s2.fungi.myspecies.info/
Ainsworth, G.C. & Sussman, A.S. (eds) 1968 The Fungi, An Advanced Treatise: Volume III, The Fungal Population x+738pp, Academic Press
Ainsworth, G.C. & Sussman, A.S. (eds) 1966 The Fungi, An Advanced Treatise: Volume II, The Fungal Organism Academic Press
Ainsworth, G.C. & Sussman, A.S. (eds) 1965 The Fungi, An Advanced Treatise: Volume I, The Fungal Cell xvi+748pp, Academic Press
Ainsworth, G.C., Sparrow, F.K. & Sussman, A.S. (eds) 1973 The Fungi, An Advanced Treatise: Volume IVA, a taxonomic review with keys: ascomycetes and fungi imperfecti xviii+621pp, Academic Press
Ainsworth, G.C., Sparrow, F.K. & Sussman, A.S. (eds) 1973 The Fungi, An Advanced Treatise: Volume IVB, a taxonomic review with keys: myxomycetes, phycomycetes, basidiomycetes and lower fungi xxii+504pp, Academic Press
Anon 2014 Building the infrastructure for conservation of fungi in the UK: the Lost and Found project .
Cooper, J. & Kirk, P.M. Fungal Records Database of Britain and Ireland www.fieldmycology.net/GBCHKLST/gbchklst.asp
Dighton, J., White, J.F. & Oudemans, P., eds. 2005 The Fungal Community 3rd edition edition, Taylor & Francis CRC Press
Eastwood, D.J. 1952 The fungus flora of composts TBMS Vol 35 (3): 215-220.
Farr, D.F., & Rossman, A.Y. Fungal databases - Fungus-Host Distributions nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/fungushost/FungusHost.cfm
Gregory, P.H. 1952 Presidential address: Fungus Spores TBMS Vol 35 (1): 1-18,IN1.
Holden, L. 2006 Putting Fungi on the map: a new name and outlet for the BMS Fungal Records Database Field Mycology Vol 7 (4): 133-4.
Janke, E. 2021 DNA Fingerprinting for the Field Mycologist
Janke, E. 2021 DNA Fingerprinting for the Field Mycologist
Jordan, M. Association of British Fungus Groups (ABFG) www.abfg.org
Kendrick, B. (Ed.) 1979 The Whole Fungus 2 vols, 793pp, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa
László Nagy Laboratory Fungal Tree of Life poster group.szbk.u-szeged.hu/sysbiol/nagy-laszlo-lab-poster.html
Minter, D.M. Cybertruffle www.cybertruffle.org.uk
Moore, D., Robson, G.D., Trinci, A.P.J. 2018 21st Century Guidebook to Fungi
Roberts, P. & Evans, S. 2011 The book of fungi: a life-size guide to six hundred species from around the World. 656pp, University of Chicago Press
Smith, P. Chemical reagents www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/mycology/microscopy/reagents/
Spooner, B. & Roberts, P. 2005 Fungi New Naturalist, 96, 594pp, HarperCollins
Talbot, P.H.B. 1952 Dispersal of fungus spores by small animals inhabiting wood and bark TBMS Vol 35 (2): 123-128.
Twomey, D.G. 1977 The rapid preparation of micro-fungi for microscopic observations Bull. Br. mycol. Soc. Vol 11 (2): 148-149.
Wainwright, M. 1989 Fungi have seen the light Mycologist Vol 03 (4): 187.
Wainwright, M. 1987 Can fungi grow on ’fresh air’? Mycologist Vol 01 (4): 182-183.
Watling, R. 1988 Presidential Address TBMS 90: 14.
Watling, R. 1969 Colour Identification Chart British Fungus Flora, 3pp, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office
Webster, J. 1980 *** Introduction to Fungi ***(Superseded) Second edition, 669pp, Cambridge University Press

Code

McNeill, J.; Barrie, F. R.; Buck, W. R. et al., eds. 2012 International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) Melbourne Code edition, XXX+240pp, Koeltz Scientific Books

Conservation

Ainsworth, M. 2004 BAP fungi handbook Research Reports EN Report no 600.
Dahlberg, A., Genney, D.R. & HeilmannClausen, J. 2010 Developing a comprehensive strategy for fungal conservation in Europe: current status and future needs FungEcol Vol 03 (2): 50-64.
Dove, N.C. & Keeton, W.S. 2015 Structural Complexity Enhancement increases fungal species richness in northern hardwood forests FungEcol Vol 13: 181-192.
Kirby, K.J. 1998 The conservation of fungi in Britain Mycologist Vol 02 (1): 5-7.

Decay

Anon. The body language of decay www.facebook.com/arbmycota/?ref=all_category_pyml_rhc

Ecology

Boddy, L. 1993 Saprotrophic cord-forming fungi: warfare strategies and other ecological aspects Mycol. Res. Vol 97 (06): 641-655.
Bolton, R.G. & Boddy, L. 1993 Characterization of the spatial aspects of foraging mycelial cord systems using fractal geometry Mycol. Res. Vol 97 (06): 762-768.
Burford, E.P., Kierans, M. & Gadd, G.M. 2003 Geomycology: fungi in mineral substrata Mycologist Vol 17 (3): 98-107.
Burges, A. 1950 The downward movement of fungal spores in sandy soil TBMS Vol 33 (1+2): 142-147.

Ecology/Endophytes

2007 Fungal Endophytes Fungal Biology Reviews Vol 21, parts 2-3: 49-124.

Ecology/Keratinophiles

English, M.P. 1971 Forays among the funguses of small wild animals Bull. Br. mycol. Soc. Vol 05 (1): 25-27.

Ecology

Lindahl, B.D. & Olsson, S. 2004 Fungal translocation - creating and responding to environmental heterogeneity Mycologist Vol 18 (2): 79-88.
Money, N.P. 2004 The fungal dining habit: a biomechanical perspective Mycologist Vol 18 (2): 71-76.

Ecology/Mycorrhiza

Finlay, R.D. 2005 Mycorrhizal symbiosis: myths, misconceptions, new perspectives and future research priorities Mycologist Vol 19 (3): 90-95.
Taylor, A.S. & Alexander, I. 2005 The ectomycorrhizal symbiosis: life in the real world Mycologist Vol 19 (3): 102-112.

Ecology

Newton, A.C. & Haigh, J.M. 1998 Diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Britain: a test of the species-area relationship, and the role of host specificity New Phytologist 138: 619-627.
Schwarze, F.W.M.R., Engels, J. & Matteck, C. 2000 Fungal Strategies of Wood Decay in Trees 185pp, Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Watkinson, S.C., Boddy. L. et al 2006 New approaches to investigating the function of mycelial networks Mycologist Vol 19 (1): 11-17.

Endophytes

Promputtha, I., Hyde, K.D., McKenzie, E.H.C., Peberdy, J.F. & Lumyong, S. 2010 Can leaf degrading enzymes provide evidence that endophytic fungi becoming saprobes? FungalDiversity Vol 41: 89-99.

English Names

Holden, L. 2003 List of Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK 22pp, British Mycological Society

Hosts

Anon. Projet Aulnaies - programme d’inventaire et de typologie mycologique des aulnaies françaises projet.aulnaies.free.fr/
Blackwell, E. 2004 Some Hints on Identifying Wood in the Field Field Mycology Vol 5 (1): 17-21.
Cooper, J. & Kirk, P.M. FRDBI Hosts www.fieldmycology.net/FRDBI/assoc.asp
Richardson, M.J. 1979 An Annotated list of Seed-borne Diseases Phytopathological Papers, No. 23, Third Edition edition, 320pp, Commonwealth Mycological Institute

Journal/Icones

Jardin Botanique National de Belgium Icones Mycologicae Published for/by:Jardin Botanique National de Belgium

Journals

Persoonia Rijksherbarium, Leiden
Cryptogamie Mycologie
Rev. de Mycol.
Sydowia, Annales Mycologici Ser. II
Karstenia Finnish Mycological Society (Societas Mycologica Fennica)
Fungi non Delineati Candusso - Alssio
Mycosystema
Mycotaxon
Czech Mycology
Fungal Ecology British Mycological Society
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
Mycorrhiza
Fungal Genetics and Biology
Acta Mycologica
Nordic Journal of Botany
Fungal Diversity
Schlechtendalia
Thunbergia
Mycokeys Pensoft
Scripta Mycologia
Mycosphere online - journal of fungal biology Mushroom Research Foundation, Chiang Rai, Thailand
Bulletin Trimestriel de la Societe Mycologique de France
Sydowia
Association d’Écologie et de Mycologie, Lille Documents Mycologiques, Nouvelle série Published for/by:Association d'Écologie et de Mycologie, Lille
British Mycological Society (BMS) Field Mycology Published for/by:British Mycological Society (BMS), Elsevier
British Mycological Society Transactions of the British Mycological Society Published for/by:British Mycological Society, Cambridge University Press
British Mycological Society Mycological Research Published for/by:British Mycological Society, Cambridge University Press
British Mycological Society Mycologist Published for/by:British Mycological Society, Cambridge University Press
British Mycological Society Bulletin of the British Mycological Society Published for/by:British Mycological Society, Cambridge University Press
British Mycological Society Fungal Biology Reviews Published for/by:British Mycological Society, British Mycological Society
British Mycological Society Mycologist News Published for/by:British Mycological Society, British Mycological Society
British Mycological Society News Bulletin of the British Mycological Society Published for/by:British Mycological Society, British Mycological Society
British Mycological Society Fungal Biology Published for/by:British Mycological Society
Fungal Biodiversity Centre (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures) Studies in Mycology Published for/by:Fungal Biodiversity Centre (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures)
German Mycological Society Mycological Progress Published for/by:German Mycological Society

Journals/Medical And Veterinary

CMI/CABI CMI Descriptions of Pathenogenic Fungi and Bacteria Published for/by:CMI/CABI, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux

Journals

Österreichischen Mykologischen Gesellschaft (Austrian Mycological Society) Österreichische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde Published for/by:Österreichischen Mykologischen Gesellschaft (Austrian Mycological Society)

Journals/Plant Galls

Cecidology British Plant Gall Society (BPGS)

Journals/Plant Pathology

Phytopathology
Phytopathology
Gardeners Chronicle
Plant Protection News
Plant Pathology Online
Plant Pathology
Black, R. New Disease Reports Published for/by:Black, R., The British Society for Plant Pathology
CMI/CABI CMI Descriptions of Pathenogenic Fungi and Bacteria Published for/by:CMI/CABI, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux
FERA PRAs for consultation on pest risk management Published for/by:FERA

Journals/Regional

Polish Botanical Journal
Mycologia Balcanica
Mycologia Bavarica
HSFG 2007 HSFG News Sheet Published for/by:HSFG

Journals

Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh Published for/by:Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Kew Bulletin Published for/by:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Société Mycologique de France Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France Published for/by:Société Mycologique de France
The Mycological Society of America Mycologia Published for/by:The Mycological Society of America

Libraries And Museums

Kirk, P. Libri Fungorum 194.203.77.76/Librifungorum/index.htm

Lichenicolous Fungi

Fox, H.F. 2001 Census catalogue of the lichenicolous fungi of Ireland
Hawksworth, D.L. 2004 Fungi living on lichens: a source of unexplored diversity British Wildlife Vol 15, No. 3: 192-199.
Hawksworth, D.L. 2003 The lichenicolous fungi of Great Britain and Ireland: an overview and annotated checklist Lichenologist Vol 35: 191-232.

Marine

Jones, E.B.G. 1988 Do fungi occur in the sea? Mycologist Vol 02 (4): 150-157.
Landy, E.T. & Jones, G.M. 2006 What is the Fungal Diversity of Marine Ecosystems in Europe? Mycologist Vol 20 (1): 15-21.

Medical

Pegler, D.N. & Watling, R. 1982 British Toxic Fungi Bull. Br. mycol. Soc. Vol 16 (1): 66-75.
Rätsch, A. 2005 The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants. Ethnopharmacology and its Applications Park Street Press
Schmidt, R.J. Botanical Dermatology Database (BoDD) www.botanical-dermatology-database.info

Microscopy

Coupin, J. & D. 1908 Atlas de Botanique Microscopique 126pp, Vigot Freres, Paris
Llewellyn, B.D. Stainsfile: the internet resource for histotechnologists stainsfile.info/StainsFile/jindex.html
Omar, M.B., Bolland, L. & Heather, W.A. 1979 A permanent mounting medium for Fungi Bull. Br. mycol. Soc. Vol 13 (1): 31-32.

Nature Conservation

Evans, S., Marren, P. & Harper, M. Important Fungus Areas - a provisional assessment of the best sites for fungi in the United Kingdom 15pp, Plantlife International
Evans, S. 2007 Red Data List for Fungi
Hodgetts, N.G. 1996 Conservation of Lower Plants in Woodland 32pp, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough
Ing, B. 1992 *** A provisional Red Data List of British fungi ***(Superseded) Mycologist Vol 06 (3): 124-128.
Orton, P.D. 1994 *** Some comments on ’A Provisional Red Data List of British Fungi’ by B. Ing ***(Superseded) Mycologist Vol 08 (2).
The Association of British Fungus Groups The UK Provisional BAP species abfg.org/bap1.php

Plant Parasites

DEFRA DEFRA Plant Health - Pests and Diseases www.defra.gov.uk/planth/pests.htm

Plant Pathology

Holliday, P. 1990 A Dictionary of Plant Pathology Reprint with corrections edition, 369pp, Cambridge University Press
Ingram, D. & Robertson, N. Plant Disease: A Natural History

Predatory Fungi

Duddington, C.L. 1951 The Ecology of Predacious Fungi I: Preliminary survey. TBMS Vol 34 (3): 322-331.

Regional Newsletters

Pembrokeshire Fungus Recording Network Pembrokeshire Fungus Recording Network Newsletter Published for/by:Pembrokeshire Fungus Recording Network

Regional Studies

Crawley, M. 2005 The Flora of Berkshire 1375pp, Brambleby Books
Dennis, R.W.G. 1986 Fungi of the Hebrides 383pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Dickson, G. & Leonard, A. 1996 Fungi of the New Forest - A Mycota 210pp, British Mycological Society
Hall, G.S., Hawksworth, D.L. & Livingstone, S. 1994 Isolation of microfungi from soil and water samples from the Slapton Ley National Nature Reserve Field Studies 8(3): 473-479.

Societies

Anon. Société Mycologique de France www.mycofrance.org

Species And Speciation

Bidartondo, M. & Gardes, M. Fungal Diversity in Molecular Terms: profiling, identification, and quantification in the environment Bidartondo, M. & Gardes, M. Fungal Diversity in Molecular Terms: profiling, identification, and quantification in the environment, 25pp, The Fungal Community
Taylor, J.W., et al 2000 Phylogenetic Species Recognition and Species Concepts in Fungi Fungal Genetics and Biology 31: 21-32.

Spore Shape

Hyde, K.D., Greenwood, R. & Jones, E.B.G. 1993 Spore attachment in marine fungi Mycol. Res. Vol 97 (01): 7-14.

Suppliers

Anon. Micro-science/Mycology micro-science.co.uk/mycology.html
Anon. Polybags Ltd www.polybags.co.uk

Taxonomy

Anon. Index Fungorum www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NAMES.ASP

Techniques

Armitage, F.D. 1945 Chlorazol Black E as a stain for mycological specimens TBMS Vol 27 (3+4): 131-133, Plates XII,XIII.

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may also be relevant to FUNGI (true fungi):

BioImagesBioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 37,649 images of FUNGI (true fungi)

The Fungi are a large group of organisms which are ubiquitous in terrestrial habitats. They are less abundant in freshwater habitats and comparatively rare in in the sea. Fungi are characterised by a filamentous growth form (mycelium), reproduction by haploid spores, and a sexual cycle which involves delayed nuclear fusion (dikaryon). A few groups form large sporulating colonies (mushrooms, toadstools, brackets etc).

Although usually thought of as decomposers, many have other lifestyles. Some are parasitic; a small number of these are of medical importance, but most are plant parasites and a few are economically very significant.

Other fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots (mycorrhiza). The fungus mycelium is able to permeate the soil further afield than the plant’s root hairs and so can harvest minerals from a larger soil volume. These are made available to the plant while sugars from photosynthesis leak from the roots to the fungus. Many of the most striking autumn toadstools (Amanita, Cortinarius, Tricholoma, Boletus sl.) are mycorrhizal with forest trees (esp Oak, Beech, Hazel, Willow, Birch and Pine). Most other plants and trees are mycorrhizal with lower fungi like the Pea Truffles (Endogone). The exception is the Cabbage family, Brassicaceae, which is not known to form mycorrhizal associations and is rarely affected by Rust Fungi (the exception to the exception is Scurvy Grass - Cochlearia spp.) - this is probably due to the mustard oils which give them their distinctive flavour and smell.

Mycorrhizal fungi can be parasitised by higher plants, maybe with another fungus as intermediary. The plants formerly called "Saprophytes" fall into this category: there is insufficient nitrogen or useable carbohydrate in leaf litter to support a flowering plant.

Lichens are another example of fungi forming symbioses with photosynthetic organisms, in this case: algae or cyanobacteria. The combined organism is able to live in much harsher environments than either could alone. Some lichens grow just inside rocks (endolithic) where they wait for erosion processes to release their spores.

Prof D.L. Hawksworth has estimated that there are 6 species of fungus for every species of flowering plant, suggesting there are 1.5 million species of fungi on Earth. Less than 20% of these are known to science, although in Europe, which has been well-studied, the percentage is far greater.

Fungal specimens are best preserved by drying.

Infected plant material can be lightly pressed, although if there is superficial growth, this will be damaged and may be lost. Most people use gentle warmth for everything from leaf-spots to fleshy toadstools.

This can be as simple as the top of a radiator, although purpose-built driers such as those sold for drying fruit give the best results. Large fleshy species can be placed in the air stream from a fan heater for fast, effective results even with fragile species like inkcaps.

Infected leaves can be placed in folded blotting paper, lightly weighted on top to prevent them curling up too much.

The time taken to dry varies with the method, but can be from a few hours for infected leaves, overnight for small to medium toadstools, or longer for large toadstools or brackets. Large toadstools can become sealed by a dry layer on the outside, but leaving them at room temperature for a day allows the remaining moisture to soften this skin so drying can be resumed.

Leaves will curl and go crisp otherwise weight is the easiest way to tell when a specimen is dry. At this point it’s best to leave them at room temperature for a day to soften up, otherwise they can be very fragile.

Dried material keeps reasonably well but is attacked by a variety of pests, especially booklice and mites, and to a lesser extent museum/carpet beetles. Dried material is conventionally stored in paper envelopes, but this gives no protection from insects, so the envelopes need to be stored in batches in sealable plastic bags or boxes. Avoid storing the specimens directly in individual plastic bags as static electricity from handling the bags will make extracting the dried material all but impossible.

Except for some of the more distinctive larger species, microscopic examination is always required to identify fungi. Staining is often necessary to make hyaline tissues and spores visible - the question is what stain to use? As a rule of thumb: if it has basidia, use Phloxine; if it has asci, use Melzer’s Iodine; other hyaline ascomycete structures can be stained with Congo Red. Anamorphic fungi generally stain well in Cotton Blue, although dematiaceous hyphomycetes generally need no staining.

True fungi, including mushrooms, toadstools, cup fungi, moulds and lichens, but excluding those groups which used to be regarded as fungi until modern research showed them to be closer to algae (oomycetes) or protozoa (slime moulds).

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