Hygrocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm.
(waxcaps, waxcap mushrooms)

Interactions where Hygrocybe is the dominant partner and gains from the process

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Stage Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season
fruitbody fruitbody is associated with colony UK/Ireland Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus Churchyard Moss, Springy Turf-moss Hypnales: Hylocomiaceae /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Hygrophoraceae/Hygrocybe/Hygrocybewaxcaps, waxcap mushroomsfruitbody Plant / associateUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Bryophyta/Bryopsida/Hypnales/Hylocomiaceae/Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus/Rhytidiadelphus squarrosuschurchyard moss, springy turf-mosscolony

Hygrocybe (waxcaps, waxcap mushrooms) may also be included in 'feeds on' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Hygrocybe (waxcaps, waxcap mushrooms) may be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Subtaxon Rank Featured
subtaxa
No of
interactions
No of
references
Species 2 subtaxa 2 trophisms 2 references
Subgenus 10 subtaxa 16 trophisms 8 references
Subgenus 19 subtaxa 26 trophisms 13 references
Unidentified
Taxonomic hierarchy:
GenusHygrocybe (waxcaps, waxcap mushrooms)
FamilyHYGROPHORACEAE (waxcaps and woodwaxes)
OrderAGARICALES (mushrooms and toadstools)
SubclassAGARICOMYCETIDAE (a subclass of basidiomycetes)
ClassAGARICOMYCETES (a class of fungi)
SubphylumAGARICOMYCOTINA (a subphylum of fungi)
PhylumBASIDIOMYCOTA (spore droppers, basidiomycetes)
KingdomFUNGI (true fungi)
DomainEukaryota (eukaryotes)
LifeBIOTA (living things)
NBNNBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Hygrocybe (waxcaps, waxcap mushrooms)

Identification Works

Handling & MagnificationAuthorYearTitleSource
Arnolds, E. Tribus Hygrocybeae (Kühner) Bas & Arnolds in FAN 2 Bas, C. Pleurotaceae, 12pp, Flora Agaricina Neerlandica 2
Bas, C., Kuper, T.W., Noordeloos, M.E. & Vellinga, E.C. 1990 Flora Agaricina Neerlandica 2 Flora Agaricina Neerlandica, Vol 2, 137pp, A. A. Balkema
Boertmann, D. 2010 The Genus Hygrocybe (2nd ed) Fungi of Northern Europe, Vol 1, Second edition edition, 200pp, Danish Mycological Society
Boertmann, D. 1995 *** The Genus Hygrocybe (1st ed) ***(Superseded) Fungi of Northern Europe, Vol 1, First edition edition, 184pp, Danish Mycological Society
Bon, M. 1990 Hygrophoraceae Documents Mycologiques - Flore Mycologique d'Europe, 1, 99 plus platespp, Marcel Bon
Candusso, M. 1994 Hygrophorus Fungi Europaei, Vol 6, 784pp, Libreria Basso
Edwards, B. 2106 Field key to Dorset waxcaps
Griffith, D.W. & Easton, G. Waxcap Website www.aber.ac.uk/waxcap/index.shtml
Orton, P.D. 1980 Notes on British Agarics: VII Notes R.B.G. Edinburgh Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh Vol 38 (3): 315-330.
Orton, P.D. 1960 *** New Checklist of British Agarics and Boleti - Part III: Notes on genera and species in the list ***(Superseded) TBMS Vol 43 (2): 159-439.

Waxcap Grasslands

() Henrici, A. 1996 Waxcap-grassland Fungi

Hygrocybe (waxcaps, waxcap mushrooms) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

General Works

AuthorYearTitleSource
Evans, S. 2001 Conservation Corner (Jan 2001) Field Mycology Vol 2 (1): 13-14.
Griffith, G.W. 2004 The use of Stable Isotopes in Fungal Ecology Mycologist Vol 18 (4): 177-183.

Conservation

Holden, L. 2013 Can higher plant surveys be used to pick out important waxcap grassland sites in conservation assessment projects? Field Mycology Vol 14 (4): 120-123.

Ecology

Griffith, G.W, Graham, A., Woods, R.G., Easton, G.L. & Halbwachs, H. 2014 Effect of biocides on the fruiting of waxcap fungi FungEcol Vol 07: 67-69.
Halbwachs, H., Dentinger, B.T.M., Detheridge, A.P., Karasch, P. & Griffith, G.W. 2013 Hyphae of waxcap fungi colonise plant roots FungEcol Vol 06 (6): 487-492.

Waxcap Grasslands

Boniface, T. 2001 Fungi in an Essex Churchyard Field Mycology Vol 2 (3): 94.
Evans, S. 2004 Waxcap-grasslands - an assessment of English sites Research Reports, Report no 555, 50pp, English Nature
Evans, S. 2003 Conservation Corner (Jan 2003) Field Mycology Vol 4 (1): 32-34.
Evans, S. 2003 British Waxcap-grassland cross-off list Field Mycology Vol 4 (4): 123-125, 136.
Evans, S. 2003 Conservation Corner (Oct 2003) Field Mycology Vol 4 (4): 143.
Evans, S. 2003 Conservation Corner (April 2003) Field Mycology Vol 4 (2): 68-70.
Evans, S. 2000 Cross-off sheets for easy recording of Fungi - 2 Hygrocybe - Field Characters Field Mycology Vol 1 (4): 127.
Fortey, R. 2000 Old Churchyards as fungal conservation areas Field Mycology Vol 1 (4): 121-123.
Griffith, G.W. Bratton, J.H. & Easton, G. 2004 Charismatic megafungi: the conservation of waxcap grasslands British Wildlife Vol 16, No. 1: 31-43.
Holden, L. 2000 Conservation Corner (July 2000): Scottish Waxcap Survey Field Mycology Vol 1 (3): 77.
McHugh, R., Mitchel, D., Wright, M. & Anderson, R. 2001 Fungi of Irish Grasslands and their value for Nature Conservation Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy Vol 101B No 3: 225-243.
Newton, A.C., Davy, L.M., Holden, E., Silverside, A., Watling, R. & Ward, S.D. 2003 Status, distribution and definition of mycologically important grasslands in Scotland Biological Conservation 111: 11-23.
Russell, P. 2005 Grassland Fungi and the Management History of St. Dunstan’s Farm Field Mycology Vol 6 (3): 85-91.

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may also be relevant to Hygrocybe (waxcaps, waxcap mushrooms):

BioImagesBioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 825 images of Hygrocybe (waxcaps, waxcap mushrooms)

In Europe, the waxcaps are principally toadstools of unimproved grassland although in North America they are mainly found woodland. Many of our species are large and strikingly bright coloured, although the colour can be washed out by rain or bleached by sunlight.

Characterised by distant thick and waxy gills (hence "waxcap") and microscopically by long slender basidia.

Creative Commons License
This website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence.

Unless otherwise expressly stated, all original material on the BioInfo website by Malcolm Storey is licensed under the above Creative Commons Licence.

BioInfo - Wildlife Information (UK)