Viola odorata L.
(Sweet Violet)

Interactions where Viola odorata is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season Summary
(live) live is parasitised by pycnium Puccinia violae Violet Rust Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/Puccinia violaeviolet rustpycnium Foodplant / parasite /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/Viola odoratasweet violetlive pycnium parasitises live
leaf vein (live) live leaf vein is galled by spore mass UK/Ireland Urocystis violae Violet Smut Urocystidales: Urocystidaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Ustilaginomycetes/Urocystidales/Urocystidaceae/Urocystis violae/Urocystis violaeviolet smutspore mass Foodplant / gallUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/Viola odoratasweet violetliveleaf vein (11-7)spore mass causes gall of live leaf vein
leaf leaf is foodplant of larva Ametastegia pallipes a sawfly Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (b), Benson, R.B., 1952
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Tenthredinidae/Ametastegia pallipes/Ametastegia pallipesa sawflylarva Foodplant / feeds on /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/Viola odoratasweet violetleaf larva feeds on leaf
leaf (fading) fading leaf is spotted by mostly epiphyllous, numerous, immersed pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph UK/IrelandMajor Phyllosticta violae a coelomycete Botryosphaeriales: Phyllostictaceae British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Botryosphaeriales/Phyllostictaceae/Phyllosticta violae/Phyllosticta violaea coelomycetemostly epiphyllous, numerous, immersedpycnidiumPhyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph Foodplant / spot causerUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/Viola odoratasweet violetfadingleafMajor (6-8)mostly epiphyllous, numerous, immersed pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on fading leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is spotted by mostly epiphyllous, numerous, immersed pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph UK/IrelandMajor Phyllosticta violae a coelomycete Botryosphaeriales: Phyllostictaceae British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Botryosphaeriales/Phyllostictaceae/Phyllosticta violae/Phyllosticta violaea coelomycetemostly epiphyllous, numerous, immersedpycnidiumPhyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph Foodplant / spot causerUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/Viola odoratasweet violetliveleafMajor (6-8)mostly epiphyllous, numerous, immersed pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is spotted by amphigenous, punctiform to dense, greyish white, rarely tinged reddish or reddish brown with age caespituli of Ramularia anamorph UK/Ireland Ramularia lactea an anamorphic fungus Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol II, Braun, U., 1998
Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998
Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995
Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Ramularia lactea/Ramularia lacteaan anamorphic fungusamphigenous, punctiform to dense, greyish white, rarely tinged reddish or reddish brown with agecaespituliRamularia anamorph Foodplant / spot causerUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/Viola odoratasweet violetliveleaf (9-10)amphigenous, punctiform to dense, greyish white, rarely tinged reddish or reddish brown with age caespituli of Ramularia anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf has leaves shot holed by gregarious, immersed pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph UK/Ireland Ascochyta violae a coelomycete Pleosporales Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Ascochyta violae/Ascochyta violaea coelomycetegregarious, immersedpycnidiumAscochyta coelomycetous anamorph Foodplant / shot hole causerUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/Viola odoratasweet violetliveleaf (5-9)gregarious, immersed pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph causes shot holes on live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is spotted by gregarious, immersed pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph UK/Ireland Ascochyta violae a coelomycete Pleosporales Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Ascochyta violae/Ascochyta violaea coelomycetegregarious, immersedpycnidiumAscochyta coelomycetous anamorph Foodplant / spot causerUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/Viola odoratasweet violetliveleaf (5-9)gregarious, immersed pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is galled by hypophyllous telium Puccinia violae Violet Rust Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/Puccinia violaeviolet rusthypophylloustelium Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/Viola odoratasweet violetliveleaf hypophyllous telium causes gall of live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is galled by aecium Puccinia violae Violet Rust Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/Puccinia violaeviolet rustaecium Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/Viola odoratasweet violetliveleaf aecium causes gall of live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is parasitised by amphigenous uredium Puccinia violae Violet Rust Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/Puccinia violaeviolet rustamphigenousuredium Foodplant / parasite /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/Viola odoratasweet violetliveleaf amphigenous uredium parasitises live leaf
petiole (live) live petiole is galled by aecium Puccinia violae Violet Rust Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/Puccinia violaeviolet rustaecium Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/Viola odoratasweet violetlivepetiole aecium causes gall of live petiole
petiole (live) live petiole is galled by spore mass UK/Ireland Urocystis violae Violet Smut Urocystidales: Urocystidaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Ustilaginomycetes/Urocystidales/Urocystidaceae/Urocystis violae/Urocystis violaeviolet smutspore mass Foodplant / gallUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/Viola odoratasweet violetlivepetiole (11-7)spore mass causes gall of live petiole
rootstock (upper parts) (live) live rootstock (upper parts) is galled by spore mass UK/Ireland Urocystis violae Violet Smut Urocystidales: Urocystidaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Ustilaginomycetes/Urocystidales/Urocystidaceae/Urocystis violae/Urocystis violaeviolet smutspore mass Foodplant / gallUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/Viola odoratasweet violetliverootstock (upper parts) (11-7)spore mass causes gall of live rootstock (upper parts)
stem (live) live stem is galled by aecium Puccinia violae Violet Rust Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/Puccinia violaeviolet rustaecium Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/Viola odoratasweet violetlivestem aecium causes gall of live stem

Author & YearTitleSource
Benson, R.B., 1952Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (b)Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol VI, Part 2(b), 137pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Braun, U., 1998Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol IIPhytopathogenic Hyphomycetes, 2, 493pp, IHW-Verlag
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden PlantsCollins Photoguide, 2nd edition edition, Collins
Dennis, R.W.G., 1995Fungi of the South East England383pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Grove, W.B., 1935British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidiaVol I, 488pp, Cambridge University Press
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota517pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls95pp, British Plant Gall Society (BPGS)

Viola odorata (Sweet Violet) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Taxonomic hierarchy:
SpeciesViola odorata (Sweet Violet)
GenusViola (violets, pansies)
FamilyVIOLACEAE (violets, pansies)
OrderMALPIGHIALES (poplars, willows, St John’s worts, spurges and violets)
SubclassEU-DICOTS (dicotyledonous flowering plants)
ClassMAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants)
PhylumTRACHEOPHYTA (vascular plants)
KingdomPLANTAE (plants)
DomainEukaryota (eukaryotes)
LifeBIOTA (living things)
NBNNBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Viola odorata (Sweet Violet)

Viola odorata (Sweet Violet) may be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

General Works

AuthorYearTitleSource
Britton, C.E. 1904 Floral variations among Surrey violets Journal of Botany 42: 140-148.
Valentine, D.H. Geographical distribution and isolation in some British ecospecies Dandy, J.E. The Watsonian vice-county system, 9pp, The Study of the Distribution of British Plants

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may also be relevant to Viola odorata (Sweet Violet):

BioImagesBioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 28 images of Viola odorata (Sweet Violet)
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