Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut, horse-chestnut)

Interactions where Aesculus hippocastanum is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part	Summary	Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Season	Summary
	is foodplant of erumpent Diplodia coelomycetous anamorph	Diplodia aesculi	a coelomycete	Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae	Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Botryosphaeriales/Botryosphaeriaceae/Diplodia aesculi/	Diplodia aesculi	a coelomycete	erumpent		Diplodia coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / feeds on	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut						erumpent Diplodia coelomycetous anamorph feeds on
	is decayed by superficial stroma	Daldinia concentrica	King Alfred’s Cake, Cramp-ball	Xylariales: Xylariaceae	Daldinia concentrica versus Daldinia vernicosa, Whalley, A.J.S. & Watling, R., 1980	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Xylariaceae/Daldinia concentrica/	Daldinia concentrica	King Alfred’s cake, cramp-ball	superficial		stroma	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut				Rare		superficial stroma is saprobic on
branch	branch is decayed by gregarious, covered by blackened, raised epidermis pycnidium of Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph	Diaporthe coneglanensis	a pyrenomycete	Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Diaporthales/Diaporthaceae/Diaporthe coneglanensis/	Diaporthe coneglanensis	a pyrenomycete	gregarious, covered by blackened, raised epidermis	pycnidium	Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut		branch			(5,10)	gregarious, covered by blackened, raised epidermis pycnidium of Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on branch
branch	branch is parasitised by haustorium	Viscum album	Mistletoe	Santalales: Santalaceae	Mistletoe - distribution, biology and the National Survey, Briggs, J., 1995	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Santalales/Santalaceae/Viscum album/	Viscum album	mistletoe		haustorium		Foodplant / hemiparasite	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut		branch				haustorium is hemiparasitic on branch
branch (dead)	dead branch is decayed by immersed, in groups of 2-5 perithecium	Plagiostoma aesculi	a pyrenomycete	Diaporthales: Gnomoniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Diaporthales/Gnomoniaceae/Plagiostoma aesculi/	Plagiostoma aesculi	a pyrenomycete	immersed, in groups of 2-5		perithecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut	dead	branch			(11-3)	immersed, in groups of 2-5 perithecium is saprobic on dead branch
branch (dead)	dead branch is decayed by pycnidium of Diplodina coelomycetous anamorph	Plagiostoma aesculi	a pyrenomycete	Diaporthales: Gnomoniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Diaporthales/Gnomoniaceae/Plagiostoma aesculi/	Plagiostoma aesculi	a pyrenomycete		pycnidium	Diplodina coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut	dead	branch			(11-3)	pycnidium of Diplodina coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on dead branch
leaf (dead, fallen, over-wintered)	dead, fallen, over-wintered leaf is decayed by pseudothecium	Guignardia aesculi	Horse Chestnut Leaf Blotch - causative organism	Botryosphaeriales: Phyllostictaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Guignardia leaf blotch of Horsechestnut, Hudson, H.J., 1987	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Botryosphaeriales/Phyllostictaceae/Guignardia aesculi/	Guignardia aesculi	horse chestnut leaf blotch - causative organism			pseudothecium	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut	dead, fallen, over-wintered	leaf		Major	(5)	pseudothecium is saprobic on dead, fallen, over-wintered leaf
leaf (dead)	dead leaf is spotted by few, epiphyllous pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph	Septoria hippocastani	a leaf-spot fungus	Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae	Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995 Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Septoria hippocastani/	Septoria hippocastani	a leaf-spot fungus	few, epiphyllous	pycnidium	Septoria coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut	dead	leaf				few, epiphyllous pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on dead leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is mined by larva	Cameraria ohridella	Horse-chestnut Leaf-miner	Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae	The invasive alien leaf miner Cameraria ohridella and the native tree Acer pseudoplatanus: a fatal attraction?, Pere, C., Augustin, S., Turlings, T.J.C. & Kenis, M., 2010	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Gracillariidae/Cameraria ohridella/	Cameraria ohridella	horse-chestnut leaf-miner			larva	Foodplant / miner	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut	live	leaf				larva mines live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is spotted by epiphyllous, scattered or crowded pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph	Guignardia aesculi	Horse Chestnut Leaf Blotch - causative organism	Botryosphaeriales: Phyllostictaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Guignardia leaf blotch of Horsechestnut, Hudson, H.J., 1987	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Botryosphaeriales/Phyllostictaceae/Guignardia aesculi/	Guignardia aesculi	horse chestnut leaf blotch - causative organism	epiphyllous, scattered or crowded	pycnidium	Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut	live	leaf		Major	(7-)	epiphyllous, scattered or crowded pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is spotted by few, epiphyllous pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph	Septoria hippocastani	a leaf-spot fungus	Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae	Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995 Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Septoria hippocastani/	Septoria hippocastani	a leaf-spot fungus	few, epiphyllous	pycnidium	Septoria coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut	live	leaf				few, epiphyllous pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is parasitised by	Erysiphe alphitoides	Oak Mildew	Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae	The Horse Chestnut powdery mildew Uncinula flexuosa in Europe (New British Record 210), Ing, B. & Spooner, B., 2002	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Erysiphales/Erysiphaceae/Erysiphe alphitoides/	Erysiphe alphitoides	oak mildew				Foodplant / parasite	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut	live	leaf				parasitises live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is parasitised by thin, evanescent conidial anamorph	Erysiphe flexuosa	a powdery mildew	Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae	The Horse Chestnut powdery mildew Uncinula flexuosa in Europe (New British Record 210), Ing, B. & Spooner, B., 2002	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Erysiphales/Erysiphaceae/Erysiphe flexuosa/	Erysiphe flexuosa	a powdery mildew	thin, evanescent		conidial anamorph	Foodplant / parasite	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut	live	leaf				thin, evanescent conidial anamorph parasitises live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is parasitised by hypophyllous cleistothecium	Erysiphe flexuosa	a powdery mildew	Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae	The Horse Chestnut powdery mildew Uncinula flexuosa in Europe (New British Record 210), Ing, B. & Spooner, B., 2002	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Erysiphales/Erysiphaceae/Erysiphe flexuosa/	Erysiphe flexuosa	a powdery mildew	hypophyllous		cleistothecium	Foodplant / parasite	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut	live	leaf				hypophyllous cleistothecium parasitises live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is parasitised by hypophyllous cleistothecium	Phyllactinia guttata s. lat.	Hazel Mildew, Hazelnut Powdery Mildew	Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 The Horse Chestnut powdery mildew Uncinula flexuosa in Europe (New British Record 210), Ing, B. & Spooner, B., 2002 An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews, Ing, B., 1990	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Erysiphales/Erysiphaceae/Phyllactinia guttata s. lat./	Phyllactinia guttata s. lat.	hazel mildew, hazelnut powdery mildew	hypophyllous		cleistothecium	Foodplant / parasite	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut	live	leaf		Minor		hypophyllous cleistothecium parasitises live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is parasitised by hypophyllous conidial anamorph	Phyllactinia guttata s. lat.	Hazel Mildew, Hazelnut Powdery Mildew	Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 The Horse Chestnut powdery mildew Uncinula flexuosa in Europe (New British Record 210), Ing, B. & Spooner, B., 2002 An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews, Ing, B., 1990	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Erysiphales/Erysiphaceae/Phyllactinia guttata s. lat./	Phyllactinia guttata s. lat.	hazel mildew, hazelnut powdery mildew	hypophyllous		conidial anamorph	Foodplant / parasite	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut	live	leaf		Minor		hypophyllous conidial anamorph parasitises live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is parasitised by	Sawadaea bicornis	Sycamore Mildew, Maple Mildew	Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 The Horse Chestnut powdery mildew Uncinula flexuosa in Europe (New British Record 210), Ing, B. & Spooner, B., 2002 An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews, Ing, B., 1990	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Erysiphales/Erysiphaceae/Sawadaea bicornis/	Sawadaea bicornis	sycamore mildew, maple mildew				Foodplant / parasite	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut	live	leaf		Minor		parasitises live leaf
petiole (dead, fallen)	dead, fallen petiole is decayed by gregarious, covered by blackened, raised epidermis pycnidium of Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph	Diaporthe coneglanensis	a pyrenomycete	Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Diaporthales/Diaporthaceae/Diaporthe coneglanensis/	Diaporthe coneglanensis	a pyrenomycete	gregarious, covered by blackened, raised epidermis	pycnidium	Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut	dead, fallen	petiole			(10)	gregarious, covered by blackened, raised epidermis pycnidium of Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on dead, fallen petiole
petiole (dead, fallen)	dead, fallen petiole is decayed by immersed or erumpent perithecium	Ophiognomonia alni-viridis	a pyrenomycete	Diaporthales: Gnomoniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Diaporthales/Gnomoniaceae/Ophiognomonia alni-viridis/	Ophiognomonia alni-viridis	a pyrenomycete	immersed or erumpent		perithecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut	dead, fallen	petiole			(1-6)	immersed or erumpent perithecium is saprobic on dead, fallen petiole
sap (exuding)	exuding sap may house larva	Phaonia cincta	a muscid fly	Diptera: Muscidae	Diptera: Cyclorrapha Calyptrata Sect (b) Muscidae, Fonseca, E.C.M. d’Assis, 1968	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Muscidae/Phaonia cincta/	Phaonia cincta	a muscid fly			larva	Plant / resting place / within		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut	exuding	sap				larva may be found in exuding sap
trunk	trunk may be infected and damaged by	Phytophthora cactorum	Strawberry Crown Rot - causative organism	Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae	Path News Issue 3: April 2003, Forest Research, 2003	/Chromista/Oomycota/Peronosporea/Peronosporales/Peronosporaceae/Phytophthora cactorum/	Phytophthora cactorum	strawberry crown rot (causative organism)				Foodplant / pathogen	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut		trunk				infects and damages trunk
trunk (bleeding, cankered)	bleeding, cankered trunk is swollen by mycelium	Phytophthora alni	Sudden Oak Death - causative organism, SOD, Phytophthora Disease Of Alder	Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae	Phytophthora ramorum: one pathogen and many diseases, an emerging threat to forest ecosystems and ornamental plant life, Appiah, A., Jennings, P., & Turner, J.A., 2004 Phytophthora ramorum, the cause of sudden oak death or ramorum leaf blight and dieback, Henricot, B. & Prior, C., 2004	/Chromista/Oomycota/Peronosporea/Peronosporales/Peronosporaceae/Phytophthora alni/	Phytophthora alni	sudden oak death (causative organism), SOD, phytophthora disease of alder			mycelium	Foodplant / false gall	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut	bleeding, cankered	trunk				mycelium causes swelling of bleeding, cankered trunk
trunk (cankered)	cankered trunk of tree may be infected and damaged by colony	Pseudomonas amygdali pv. aesculi	Horse Chestnut Bleeding Canker - causative organism	Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae	Bacterial bleeding canker of horse chestnut, Anon., 2008	/Proteobacteria/Gammaproteobacteria/Pseudomonadales/Pseudomonadaceae/Pseudomonas amygdali pv. aesculi/	Pseudomonas amygdali pv. aesculi	horse chestnut bleeding canker (causative organism)			colony	Foodplant / pathogen	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut	cankered	trunk	tree			colony infects and damages cankered trunk of tree
twig	twig is decayed by gregarious, covered by blackened, raised epidermis pycnidium of Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph	Diaporthe coneglanensis	a pyrenomycete	Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Diaporthales/Diaporthaceae/Diaporthe coneglanensis/	Diaporthe coneglanensis	a pyrenomycete	gregarious, covered by blackened, raised epidermis	pycnidium	Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut		twig			(5,10)	gregarious, covered by blackened, raised epidermis pycnidium of Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on twig
twig (dead)	dead twig is decayed by pycnidium of Diplodina coelomycetous anamorph	Plagiostoma aesculi	a pyrenomycete	Diaporthales: Gnomoniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Diaporthales/Gnomoniaceae/Plagiostoma aesculi/	Plagiostoma aesculi	a pyrenomycete		pycnidium	Diplodina coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut	dead	twig			(11-3)	pycnidium of Diplodina coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on dead twig
twig (dead)	dead twig is decayed by immersed, in groups of 2-5 perithecium	Plagiostoma aesculi	a pyrenomycete	Diaporthales: Gnomoniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Diaporthales/Gnomoniaceae/Plagiostoma aesculi/	Plagiostoma aesculi	a pyrenomycete	immersed, in groups of 2-5		perithecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut	dead	twig			(11-3)	immersed, in groups of 2-5 perithecium is saprobic on dead twig
wood	wood is decayed by pulvinate, erumpent or superficial stroma	Daldinia fissa	Gorse Cramp Ball	Xylariales: Xylariaceae	Secondary metabolite profiles, genetic fingerprints and taxonomy of Daldinia and allies, Stadler, M., Wollweber, H., Mühlbauer, A., Henkel, T., Asakawa, Y., Hashimoto, T, 2001	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Xylariaceae/Daldinia fissa/	Daldinia fissa	gorse cramp ball	pulvinate, erumpent or superficial		stroma	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus hippocastanum/	Aesculus hippocastanum	horse chestnut, horse-chestnut		wood				pulvinate, erumpent or superficial stroma is saprobic on wood

Species	Aesculus hippocastanum (Horse Chestnut, Horse-chestnut)
Genus	Aesculus (horse chestnuts)
Family	SAPINDACEAE (maples & horse chestnuts)
Order	SAPINDALES (rues, sumachs, smoke tree, pride of India and tree of heaven)
Subclass	EU-DICOTS (dicotyledonous flowering plants)
Class	MAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants)
Phylum	TRACHEOPHYTA (vascular plants)
Kingdom	PLANTAE (plants)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

Aesculus hippocastanum L.
(Horse Chestnut, Horse-chestnut)

Interactions where Aesculus hippocastanum is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

Taxonomic hierarchy:

BioInfo - Wildlife Information (UK)

Author & Year	Title	Source
Anon., 2008	Bacterial bleeding canker of horse chestnut	Plant Clinic News May 08: 2.
Appiah, A., Jennings, P., & Turner, J.A., 2004	Phytophthora ramorum: one pathogen and many diseases, an emerging threat to forest ecosystems and ornamental plant life	Mycologist Vol 18 (4): 145-150.
Briggs, J., 1995	Mistletoe - distribution, biology and the National Survey	British Wildlife Vol 7 No 2: 75-82.
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants	Collins Photoguide, 2nd edition edition, Collins
Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	Fungi of the South East England	383pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook	2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Fonseca, E.C.M. d’Assis, 1968	Diptera: Cyclorrapha Calyptrata Sect (b) Muscidae	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol X. Part 4(b), 119pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Forest Research, 2003	Path News Issue 3: April 2003
Grove, W.B., 1935	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia	Vol I, 488pp, Cambridge University Press
Henricot, B. & Prior, C., 2004	Phytophthora ramorum, the cause of sudden oak death or ramorum leaf blight and dieback	Mycologist Vol 18 (4): 151-156.
Hudson, H.J., 1987	Guignardia leaf blotch of Horsechestnut	TBMS Vol 89 (3): 400-401.
Ing, B. & Spooner, B., 2002	The Horse Chestnut powdery mildew Uncinula flexuosa in Europe (New British Record 210)	Mycologist Vol 16 (3): 112-113.
Ing, B., 1990	An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews	Mycologist Vol 4 (1) et seq.
Pere, C., Augustin, S., Turlings, T.J.C. & Kenis, M., 2010	The invasive alien leaf miner Cameraria ohridella and the native tree Acer pseudoplatanus: a fatal attraction?	Agricultural and Forest Entomology Vol 12 (2): 152-159.
Stadler, M., Wollweber, H., Mühlbauer, A., Henkel, T., Asakawa, Y., Hashimoto, T, 2001	Secondary metabolite profiles, genetic fingerprints and taxonomy of Daldinia and allies	Mycotaxon 77: 379-429.
Whalley, A.J.S. & Watling, R., 1980	Daldinia concentrica versus Daldinia vernicosa	TBMS Vol 74 (2): 399-406.