Centaurea L.
(knapweeds and star-thistles)

Interactions where Centaurea is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season Summary
may have adult Foreign Chrysolina marginata a leaf beetle Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Atlas of the Seed and Leaf Beetles of Britain and Ireland, Cox, M.L., 2007
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Chrysomelidae/Chrysolina marginata/Chrysolina marginataa leaf beetleadult Plant / resting place / onForeign /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistles (early 8-mid 11,4-)adult may be found on
is grazed by larva Sphaeroderma testaceum a flea beetle Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Chrysomelidae/Sphaeroderma testaceum/Sphaeroderma testaceuma flea beetlelarva Foodplant / open feeder /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistles larva grazes on
is foodplant of Major Tanymecus palliatus a weevil Coleoptera: Curculionidae Broad-Nosed Weevils (Entiminae), Morris, M.G., 1997
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Tanymecus palliatus/Tanymecus palliatusa weevil Foodplant / feeds on /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesMajor feeds on
is foodplant of Selenophoma coelomycetous anamorph UK/Ireland Selenophoma moravica a coelomycete Dothideales: Saccotheciaceae Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Dothideales/Saccotheciaceae/Selenophoma moravica/Selenophoma moravicaa coelomyceteSelenophoma coelomycetous anamorph Foodplant / feeds onUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistles Selenophoma coelomycetous anamorph feeds on
achene (live) live achene is galled by larva Isocolus jaceae a gall wasp Hymenoptera: Cynipidae Hymenoptera - Cynipoidea, Key to families and subfamilies and Cynipinae (including galls), Eady R.D. & Quinlan, J., 1963
Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Cynipidae/Isocolus jaceae/Isocolus jaceaea gall wasplarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesliveachene larva causes gall of live achene
capitulum capitulum is galled by larva Larinus carlinae a weevil Coleoptera: Curculionidae Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Larinus carlinae/Larinus carlinaea weevillarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlescapitulum larva causes gall of capitulum
capitulum capitulum may contain larva UK/IrelandQuestionable Larinus carlinae a weevil Coleoptera: Curculionidae True Weevils (Part I): Family Curculionidae, subfamilies Raymondionyminae to Smicronychinae, Morris, M.G., 2002
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Larinus carlinae/Larinus carlinaea weevillarva Foodplant / internal feederUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistles?capitulum larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum capitulum may contain larva Foreign Trupanea amoena a gall fly Diptera: Tephritidae Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Trupanea amoena/Trupanea amoenaa gall flylarva Foodplant / internal feederForeign /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlescapitulum larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum capitulum is galled by larva Urophora cuspidata Greater Knapweed Gall-fly Diptera: Tephritidae Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Urophora cuspidata/Urophora cuspidatagreater knapweed gall-flylarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlescapitulum larva causes gall of capitulum
capitulum capitulum is galled by larva Urophora jaceana Knapweed Gall-fly Diptera: Tephritidae Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Urophora jaceana/Urophora jaceanaknapweed gall-flylarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlescapitulum larva causes gall of capitulum
capitulum capitulum is galled by larva Urophora quadrifasciata Four-banded Knapweed Gall-fly Diptera: Tephritidae Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Urophora quadrifasciata/Urophora quadrifasciatafour-banded knapweed gall-flylarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlescapitulum larva causes gall of capitulum
inflorescence (live) live inflorescence is galled by larva Isocolus scabiosae a gall wasp Hymenoptera: Cynipidae Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Cynipidae/Isocolus scabiosae/Isocolus scabiosaea gall wasplarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesliveinflorescence larva causes gall of live inflorescence
leaf (midrib) (live) live leaf (midrib) is galled by larva Isocolus fitchi a gall wasp Hymenoptera: Cynipidae Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Cynipidae/Isocolus fitchi/Isocolus fitchia gall wasplarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesliveleaf (midrib) larva causes gall of live leaf (midrib)
leaf (petiole) leaf (petiole) is galled by larva Loewiola centaureae a gall midge Diptera: Cecidomyiidae Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Cecidomyiidae/Loewiola centaureae/Loewiola centaureaea gall midgelarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesleaf (petiole) larva causes gall of leaf (petiole)
leaf (petiole) (live) live leaf (petiole) is galled by larva Isocolus fitchi a gall wasp Hymenoptera: Cynipidae Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Cynipidae/Isocolus fitchi/Isocolus fitchia gall wasplarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesliveleaf (petiole) larva causes gall of live leaf (petiole)
leaf (vein) leaf (vein) is galled by larva Loewiola centaureae a gall midge Diptera: Cecidomyiidae Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Cecidomyiidae/Loewiola centaureae/Loewiola centaureaea gall midgelarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesleaf (vein) larva causes gall of leaf (vein)
leaf leaf is galled by Aceria centaureae a gall mite Trombidiformes: Eriophyidae Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Arachnida/Trombidiformes/Eriophyidae/Aceria centaureae/Aceria centaureaea gall mite Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesleaf causes gall of leaf
leaf leaf is grazed by larva Cassida vibex a tortoise beetle Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Chrysomelidae/Cassida vibex/Cassida vibexa tortoise beetlelarva Foodplant / open feeder /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesleaf larva grazes on leaf
leaf leaf is mined by larva UK/Ireland Liriomyza strigata a leaf-mining fly Diptera: Agromyzidae Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Liriomyza strigata/Liriomyza strigataa leaf-mining flylarva Foodplant / minerUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesleaf larva mines leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is galled by larva Isocolus scabiosae a gall wasp Hymenoptera: Cynipidae Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Cynipidae/Isocolus scabiosae/Isocolus scabiosaea gall wasplarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesliveleaf larva causes gall of live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is parasitised by sporangium UK/IrelandRare Bremia lactucae s. lat. Lettuce Downy Mildew Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998
 /Chromista/Oomycota/Peronosporea/Peronosporales/Peronosporaceae/Bremia lactucae s. lat./Bremia lactucae s. lat.lettuce downy mildewsporangium Foodplant / parasiteUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesliveleafRare (9-10)sporangium parasitises live leaf
pollen pollen is collected to provision nest of female UK/IrelandMinor Andrena hattorfiana Large Scabious Mining Bee Hymenoptera: Andrenidae Forage, prey and host-parasite relationships of aculeates, Macdonald, M.A., 2007
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Andrenidae/Andrena hattorfiana/Andrena hattorfianalarge scabious mining beefemale Foodplant / nestUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlespollenMinor female provisions nest with pollen
root root is galled by larva Isocolus scabiosae a gall wasp Hymenoptera: Cynipidae Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Cynipidae/Isocolus scabiosae/Isocolus scabiosaea gall wasplarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesroot larva causes gall of root
root (live) live root is galled by larva Isocolus fitchi a gall wasp Hymenoptera: Cynipidae Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Cynipidae/Isocolus fitchi/Isocolus fitchia gall wasplarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesliveroot larva causes gall of live root
stem? stem? may contain larva Foreign Ceratapion armatum a seed weevil Coleoptera: Apionidae Orthocerous Weevils, Morris, M.G., 1990
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Apionidae/Ceratapion armatum/Ceratapion armatuma seed weevillarva Foodplant / internal feederForeign /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesstem? larva feeds within stem?
stem stem may contain larva Ceratapion onopordi a seed weevil Coleoptera: Apionidae Orthocerous Weevils, Morris, M.G., 1990
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Apionidae/Ceratapion onopordi/Ceratapion onopordia seed weevillarva Foodplant / internal feeder /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesstem larva feeds within stem
stem stem is galled by larva Isocolus scabiosae a gall wasp Hymenoptera: Cynipidae Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Cynipidae/Isocolus scabiosae/Isocolus scabiosaea gall wasplarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesstem larva causes gall of stem
stem stem has sap sucked by Uroleucon jaceae an aphid Hemiptera: Aphididae Aphid Predators, Rotheray, G.E., 1989
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Aphididae/Uroleucon (Uromelan) jaceae/Uroleucon (Uromelan) jaceaean aphid Foodplant / sap sucker /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesstem (6-9)sucks sap of stem
stem (dead) dead stem is decayed by erumpent pseudothecium Leptosphaeria doliolum an ascomycete Pleosporales: Leptosphaeriaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Leptosphaeriaceae/Leptosphaeria doliolum/Leptosphaeria dolioluman ascomyceteerumpentpseudothecium Foodplant / saprobe /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesdeadstem (1-12)erumpent pseudothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead) dead stem is decayed by mostly immersed, becoming partly erumpent to free pseudothecium Minor Lophiostoma semiliberum an ascomycete Pleosporales: Lophiostomataceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Lophiostomataceae/Lophiostoma semiliberum/Lophiostoma semiliberuman ascomycetemostly immersed, becoming partly erumpent to freepseudothecium Foodplant / saprobe /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesdeadstemMinor (12-4)mostly immersed, becoming partly erumpent to free pseudothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead) dead stem is decayed by usually immersed pseudothecium Major Lophiostoma vagabundum an ascomycete Pleosporales: Lophiostomataceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Lophiostomataceae/Lophiostoma vagabundum/Lophiostoma vagabunduman ascomyceteusually immersedpseudothecium Foodplant / saprobe /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesdeadstemMajor (1-12)usually immersed pseudothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead) dead stem is decayed by immersed or semi-immersed pseudothecium Sigarispora caulium an ascomycete Pleosporales: Lophiostomataceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Lophiostomataceae/Sigarispora caulium/Sigarispora cauliuman ascomyceteimmersed or semi-immersedpseudothecium Foodplant / saprobe /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesdeadstem (1-12)immersed or semi-immersed pseudothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead) dead stem is decayed by immersed pseudothecium Kalmusia clivensis an ascomycete Pleosporales: Montagnulaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Montagnulaceae/Kalmusia clivensis/Kalmusia clivensisan ascomyceteimmersedpseudothecium Foodplant / saprobe /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesdeadstem (5-6)immersed pseudothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead) dead stem is decayed by gregarious or scattered, erumpent apothecium Pirottaea inopinata non sensu Pirottaea aterrima (Lasch) Sacc., 1889 a discomycete Helotiales: Dermateaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Dermateaceae/Pirottaea inopinata non sensu Pirottaea aterrima (Lasch) Sacc., 1889/Pirottaea inopinata non sensu Pirottaea aterrima (Lasch) Sacc., 1889a discomycetegregarious or scattered, erumpentapothecium Foodplant / saprobe /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesdeadstem (4)gregarious or scattered, erumpent apothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead) dead stem is decayed by apothecium Pyrenopeziza revincta a discomycete Helotiales: Dermateaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Dermateaceae/Pyrenopeziza revincta/Pyrenopeziza revinctaa discomyceteapothecium Foodplant / saprobe /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesdeadstem apothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead) dead stem is decayed by apothecium Hyalopeziza millepunctata a discomycete Helotiales: Hyaloscyphaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Hyaloscyphaceae/Hyalopeziza millepunctata/Hyalopeziza millepunctataa discomyceteapothecium Foodplant / saprobe /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesdeadstem (10-6)apothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead) dead stem is decayed by sessile apothecium Unguicularia incarnatina a discomycete Helotiales: Hyaloscyphaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Hyaloscyphaceae/Unguicularia incarnatina/Unguicularia incarnatinaa discomycetesessileapothecium Foodplant / saprobe /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistlesdeadstem (4-7)sessile apothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (live) live stem is galled by larva Phanacis centaureae a gall wasp Hymenoptera: Cynipidae Hymenoptera - Cynipoidea, Key to families and subfamilies and Cynipinae (including galls), Eady R.D. & Quinlan, J., 1963
Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Cynipidae/Phanacis centaureae/Phanacis centaureaea gall wasplarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea/Centaureaknapweeds and star-thistleslivestem larva causes gall of live stem

Author & YearTitleSource
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden PlantsCollins Photoguide, 2nd edition edition, Collins
Bullock, J.A., 1992Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations11a, 24pp, Amateur Entomologists’ Society
Cox, M.L., 2007Atlas of the Seed and Leaf Beetles of Britain and Ireland336pp, Pisces Publications
Dennis, R.W.G., 1995Fungi of the South East England383pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Eady R.D. & Quinlan, J., 1963Hymenoptera - Cynipoidea, Key to families and subfamilies and Cynipinae (including galls)Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol VIII, Part 1 (a), 81pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Macdonald, M.A., 2007Forage, prey and host-parasite relationships of aculeates
Morris, M.G., 1990Orthocerous WeevilsHandbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 5 Part 16, 108pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Morris, M.G., 1997Broad-Nosed Weevils (Entiminae)Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 5, Part 17a, 106pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Morris, M.G., 2002True Weevils (Part I): Family Curculionidae, subfamilies Raymondionyminae to SmicronychinaeHandbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 5, Part 17b, 149pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Rotheray, G.E., 1989Aphid PredatorsNaturalists' Handbooks, 11, 77pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Spencer, K.A., 1972Diptera: AgromyzidaeHandbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol X. Part 5(g), 136pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls95pp, British Plant Gall Society (BPGS)
White, I.M., 1988Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol 10. Part 5a, 134pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London

Centaurea (knapweeds and star-thistles) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Subtaxon Rank Featured
subtaxa		 No of
interactions		 No of
references
Centaurea aspera
Rough Star-thistle
Species 3 trophisms
Centaurea calcitrapa
Red Star-thistle
Species 4 trophisms
Centaurea cyanus
Cornflower
Species 12 trophisms
Centaurea cynaroides
a knapweed
Species 1 trophisms
Centaurea dealbata
a knapweed
Species 2 trophisms
Centaurea debeauxii
Chalk Knapweed, Slender Knapweed
Species 1 subtaxa 6 trophisms
Centaurea jacea
Brown Knapweed
Species 13 trophisms
Centaurea kotschyana
a knapweed
Species 1 trophisms
Centaurea macrocephala
Giant Knapweed
Species 3 trophisms
Centaurea montana
Perennial Cornflower
Species 6 trophisms
Centaurea nigra sens. lat. (=nigra/debeauxii)
common knapweed, lesser knapweed, hardheads
Species sensu lato 47 trophisms
Centaurea nigra x jacea = C. x moncktonii
hybrid knapweed
Species hybrid 1 trophisms
Centaurea oxylepis
a knapweed
Species 1 trophisms
Centaurea paniculata
Jersey Knapweed
Species 1 trophisms
Centaurea scabiosa
Greater Knapweed
Species 35 trophisms
Centaurea solstitialis
Yellow Star-thistle
Species 5 trophisms
[Centaurea nigra agg]
lesser knapweeds
Informal 4 subtaxa 23 trophisms 1 references
Taxonomic hierarchy:
GenusCentaurea (knapweeds and star-thistles)
TribeCardueae (“thistles”)
SubfamilyLACTUCOIDEAE (“dandelions”)
FamilyASTERACEAE (daisies, dandelions and thistles, composite)
OrderASTERALES (daisies, dandelions, thistles and bell flowers)
SubclassEU-DICOTS (dicotyledonous flowering plants)
ClassMAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants)
PhylumTRACHEOPHYTA (vascular plants)
KingdomPLANTAE (plants)
DomainEukaryota (eukaryotes)
LifeBIOTA (living things)
NBNNBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Centaurea (knapweeds and star-thistles)

Identification Works

Handling & MagnificationAuthorYearTitleSource
Rand, M. 2009 Hampshire Flora Group: Asteraceae workshop. http://hantsplants.org.uk/articles.php

Centaurea (knapweeds and star-thistles) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may be relevant to Centaurea (knapweeds and star-thistles):

BioImagesBioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 80 images of Centaurea (knapweeds and star-thistles)
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