Malus (apples)

Interactions where Malus is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part	Summary	Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Season	Summary
	is foodplant of larva	Anthonomus pomorum	Apple Blossom Weevil, Apple-blossom Weevil	Coleoptera: Curculionidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Anthonomus pomorum/	Anthonomus pomorum	apple blossom weevil, apple-blossom weevil			larva	Foodplant / feeds on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples							larva feeds on
	is foodplant of larva	Anthonomus pyri	Apple Bud Weevil	Coleoptera: Curculionidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Anthonomus pyri/	Anthonomus pyri	apple bud weevil			larva	Foodplant / feeds on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples							larva feeds on
	is foodplant of	Polydrusus formosus	a weevil	Coleoptera: Curculionidae	Broad-Nosed Weevils (Entiminae), Morris, M.G., 1997	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Polydrusus formosus/	Polydrusus formosus	a weevil				Foodplant / feeds on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples							feeds on
	is foodplant of	Phyllobius oblongus	Brown Leaf Weevil	Coleoptera: Curculionidae	Broad-Nosed Weevils (Entiminae), Morris, M.G., 1997	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Phyllobius oblongus/	Phyllobius oblongus	brown leaf weevil				Foodplant / feeds on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples							feeds on
	is associate of imago	Magdalis armigera	a weevil	Coleoptera: Curculionidae	True Weevils (Part I): Family Curculionidae, subfamilies Raymondionyminae to Smicronychinae, Morris, M.G., 2002	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Magdalis armigera/	Magdalis armigera	a weevil			imago	Plant / associate		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples					Minor		imago is associated with
	is foodplant of larva	Magdalis cerasi	a weevil	Coleoptera: Curculionidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Magdalis cerasi/	Magdalis cerasi	a weevil			larva	Foodplant / feeds on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples							larva feeds on
	is associate of	Blepharidopterus angulatus	Black-kneed Apple Capsid	Hemiptera: Miridae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Blepharidopterus angulatus/	Blepharidopterus angulatus	black-kneed apple capsid				Plant / associate	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples							is associated with
	is foodplant of	Malacocoris chlorizans	Delicate Apple Capsid	Hemiptera: Miridae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Malacocoris chlorizans/	Malacocoris chlorizans	delicate apple capsid				Foodplant / feeds on	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples					Minor		feeds on
	is associate of	Malacocoris chlorizans	Delicate Apple Capsid	Hemiptera: Miridae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Malacocoris chlorizans/	Malacocoris chlorizans	delicate apple capsid				Plant / associate	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples							is associated with
	is foodplant of	Orthotylus marginalis	Dark Green Apple Capsid	Hemiptera: Miridae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Orthotylus (Orthotylus) marginalis/	Orthotylus (Orthotylus) marginalis	dark green apple capsid				Foodplant / feeds on	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples							feeds on
	has sap sucked by nymph	Atractotomus mali	a plantbug	Hemiptera: Miridae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Atractotomus mali/	Atractotomus mali	a plantbug			nymph	Foodplant / sap sucker		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples							nymph sucks sap of
	has sap sucked by adult	Atractotomus mali	a plantbug	Hemiptera: Miridae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Atractotomus mali/	Atractotomus mali	a plantbug			adult	Foodplant / sap sucker		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples						(late 6-early 8)	adult sucks sap of
	has sap sucked by adult	Campylomma verbasci	a plantbug or grassbug	Hemiptera: Miridae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Campylomma verbasci/	Campylomma verbasci	a plantbug or grassbug			adult	Foodplant / sap sucker		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples						(6-early 8, 8-10)	adult sucks sap of
	has sap sucked by nymph	Campylomma verbasci	a plantbug or grassbug	Hemiptera: Miridae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Campylomma verbasci/	Campylomma verbasci	a plantbug or grassbug			nymph	Foodplant / sap sucker		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples							nymph sucks sap of
	has sap sucked by adult	Compsidolon salicellum	a plantbug	Hemiptera: Miridae	Notes on the Recording and Identification of Psallus, Nau, B.S., 1984 Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Compsidolon (Coniortodes) salicellum/	Compsidolon (Coniortodes) salicellum	a plantbug			adult	Foodplant / sap sucker		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples						(7-10)	adult sucks sap of
	has sap sucked by adult	Psallus ambiguus	a plantbug	Hemiptera: Miridae	Notes on the Recording and Identification of Psallus, Nau, B.S., 1984 Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Psallus (Mesopsallus) ambiguus/	Psallus (Mesopsallus) ambiguus	a plantbug			adult	Foodplant / sap sucker	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples						(5-8)	adult sucks sap of
	has sap sucked by nymph	Psallus ambiguus	a plantbug	Hemiptera: Miridae	Notes on the Recording and Identification of Psallus, Nau, B.S., 1984 Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Psallus (Mesopsallus) ambiguus/	Psallus (Mesopsallus) ambiguus	a plantbug			nymph	Foodplant / sap sucker	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples						(5)	nymph sucks sap of
	has sap sucked by	Eulecanium excrescens	Wisteria Scale	Hemiptera: Coccidae	CSL Pest Risk Analysis for Eulecanium excrescens, MacLeod, A. & Matthews, L., 2005	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Eulecanium excrescens/	Eulecanium excrescens	wisteria scale				Foodplant / sap sucker	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples							sucks sap of
	is foodplant of Diplodia coelomycetous anamorph	Diplodia griffonii	a coelomycete	Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae	Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Botryosphaeriales/Botryosphaeriaceae/Diplodia griffonii/	Diplodia griffonii	a coelomycete			Diplodia coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / feeds on	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples							Diplodia coelomycetous anamorph feeds on
	is foodplant of pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph	Phoma epicoccina	a coelomycete	Pleosporales	Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Phoma epicoccina/	Phoma epicoccina	a coelomycete		pycnidium	Phoma coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / feeds on	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples							pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph feeds on
	is foodplant of Cylindrocarpon anamorph	Nectria radicicola	a pyrenomycete	Hypocreales: Nectriaceae	Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Nectriaceae/Nectria radicicola/	Nectria radicicola	a pyrenomycete			Cylindrocarpon anamorph	Foodplant / feeds on	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples							Cylindrocarpon anamorph feeds on
(aphid infested)	aphid infested is associate of	Heringia	a genus of hoverflies	Diptera: Syrphidae	Colour Guide to Hoverfly Larvae (Diptera, Syrphidae) in Britain and Europe, Rotheray, G.E., 1993	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Syrphidae/Heringia/	Heringia	a genus of hoverflies				Plant / associate		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		aphid infested					is associated with aphid infested
(aphid-infested)	aphid-infested is associate of larva	Meliscaeva cinctella	a hoverfly	Diptera: Syrphidae	Colour Guide to Hoverfly Larvae (Diptera, Syrphidae) in Britain and Europe, Rotheray, G.E., 1993	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Syrphidae/Meliscaeva cinctella/	Meliscaeva cinctella	a hoverfly			larva	Plant / associate		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		aphid-infested					larva is associated with aphid-infested
(black, rotted)	black, rotted apple is decayed by	Strasseria carpophila	an ascomycete		New or interesting British fungi, Dennis, R.W.G. & Wakefield, E.M., 1946	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Strasseria carpophila/	Strasseria carpophila	an ascomycete				Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		black, rotted		apple			is saprobic on black, rotted apple
(dead)	dead is decayed by fruitbody	Phellinus pomaceus	Cushion Bracket	Hymenochaetales: Hymenochaetaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Hymenochaetales/Hymenochaetaceae/Phellinus pomaceus/	Phellinus pomaceus	cushion bracket			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead					fruitbody is saprobic on dead
(live)	live has sap sucked by	Pulvinaria hydrangeae	Hydrangea Scale, Hydrangea Scale Insect	Hemiptera: Coccidae	Changes in status and distribution of Hydrangea Scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Britain, Salisbury, A. & Malumphy, C., 2017	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria hydrangeae/	Pulvinaria hydrangeae	hydrangea scale, hydrangea scale insect				Foodplant / sap sucker	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live			Rare		sucks sap of live
(live)	live may have larva	Taeniothrips inconsequens	Pear Thrips	Thysanoptera: Thripidae	Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Thripidae/Taeniothrips inconsequens/	Taeniothrips inconsequens	pear thrips			larva	Plant / resting place / on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live				(4-6,9)	larva may be found on live
(live)	live may have female	Taeniothrips inconsequens	Pear Thrips	Thysanoptera: Thripidae	Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Thripidae/Taeniothrips inconsequens/	Taeniothrips inconsequens	pear thrips			female	Plant / resting place / on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live				(3-6,11)	female may be found on live
(live)	live may have male	Taeniothrips inconsequens	Pear Thrips	Thysanoptera: Thripidae	Thysanoptera, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Thysanoptera/Thripidae/Taeniothrips inconsequens/	Taeniothrips inconsequens	pear thrips			male	Plant / resting place / on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live				(5)	male may be found on live
(live)	live is parasitised by fruitbody	Phellinus pomaceus	Cushion Bracket	Hymenochaetales: Hymenochaetaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Hymenochaetales/Hymenochaetaceae/Phellinus pomaceus/	Phellinus pomaceus	cushion bracket			fruitbody	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live					fruitbody parasitises live
bark	bark is decayed by effuse colony of Monodictys dematiaceous anamorph	Monodictys melanopa	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus		Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995 Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Monodictys melanopa/	Monodictys melanopa	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus	effuse	colony	Monodictys dematiaceous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			bark				effuse colony of Monodictys dematiaceous anamorph is saprobic on bark
bark	bark is decayed by Coniothecium anamorph	Coniothecium chomatosporum	an anamorphic ascomycete	Helotiales: Hyaloscyphaceae	British Parasitic Fungi, Moore, W.C., 1959	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Hyaloscyphaceae/Coniothecium chomatosporum/	Coniothecium chomatosporum	an anamorphic ascomycete			Coniothecium anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			bark		Major		Coniothecium anamorph is saprobic on bark
bark (cankered)	cankered bark may be infected and damaged by erumpent, clustered apothecium	Pezicula corticola	a discomycete	Helotiales: Dermateaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Dermateaceae/Pezicula corticola/	Pezicula corticola	a discomycete	erumpent, clustered		apothecium	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		cankered	bark				erumpent, clustered apothecium infects and damages cankered bark
bark (cankered)	cankered bark may be infected and damaged by conidioma of Cryptosporiopsis coelomycetous anamorph	Pezicula corticola	a discomycete	Helotiales: Dermateaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Dermateaceae/Pezicula corticola/	Pezicula corticola	a discomycete		conidioma	Cryptosporiopsis coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		cankered	bark				conidioma of Cryptosporiopsis coelomycetous anamorph infects and damages cankered bark
bark (cankered)	cankered bark may be infected and damaged by erumpent stroma	Potebniamyces pyri	a discomycete	Rhytismatales: Cryptomycetaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Rhytismatales/Cryptomycetaceae/Potebniamyces pyri/	Potebniamyces pyri	a discomycete	erumpent		stroma	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		cankered	bark			(9-11)	erumpent stroma infects and damages cankered bark
bark (cankered)	cankered bark may be infected and damaged by conidioma of Phacidiopycnis anamorph	Potebniamyces pyri	a discomycete	Rhytismatales: Cryptomycetaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Rhytismatales/Cryptomycetaceae/Potebniamyces pyri/	Potebniamyces pyri	a discomycete		conidioma	Phacidiopycnis anamorph	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		cankered	bark				conidioma of Phacidiopycnis anamorph infects and damages cankered bark
bark (cankered)	cankered bark may be infected and damaged by immersed, stromatic, solitary or in small groups perithecium	Potebniamyces pyri	a discomycete	Rhytismatales: Cryptomycetaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Rhytismatales/Cryptomycetaceae/Potebniamyces pyri/	Potebniamyces pyri	a discomycete	immersed, stromatic, solitary or in small groups		perithecium	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		cankered	bark			(9-11)	immersed, stromatic, solitary or in small groups perithecium infects and damages cankered bark
branch	branch is swollen by immersed stroma	Botryosphaeria obtusa	an ascomycete	Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Botryosphaeriales/Botryosphaeriaceae/Botryosphaeria obtusa/	Botryosphaeria obtusa	an ascomycete	immersed		stroma	Foodplant / false gall		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			branch				immersed stroma causes swelling of branch
branch	branch is swollen by stromatic pseudothecium	Botryosphaeria obtusa	an ascomycete	Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Botryosphaeriales/Botryosphaeriaceae/Botryosphaeria obtusa/	Botryosphaeria obtusa	an ascomycete	stromatic		pseudothecium	Foodplant / false gall		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			branch				stromatic pseudothecium causes swelling of branch
branch	branch is decayed by erumpent stroma of Cytospora coelomycetous anamorph	Valsa ceratosperma	a valsoid pyrenomycete	Diaporthales: Valsaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Diaporthales/Valsaceae/Valsa ceratosperma/	Valsa ceratosperma	a valsoid pyrenomycete	erumpent	stroma	Cytospora coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			branch			(11-3)	erumpent stroma of Cytospora coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on branch
branch	branch is decayed by immersed, in groups of about 10 perithecium	Valsa ceratosperma	a valsoid pyrenomycete	Diaporthales: Valsaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Diaporthales/Valsaceae/Valsa ceratosperma/	Valsa ceratosperma	a valsoid pyrenomycete	immersed, in groups of about 10		perithecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			branch			(11-3)	immersed, in groups of about 10 perithecium is saprobic on branch
branch	branch is galled by haustorium	Viscum album	Mistletoe	Santalales: Santalaceae	British Plant Galls - Identification of galls on plants and fungi, Redfern, M. & Shirley, P., 2002	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Santalales/Santalaceae/Viscum album/	Viscum album	mistletoe		haustorium		Foodplant / gall	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			branch				haustorium causes gall of branch
branch (cankered, dyingback)	cankered, dyingback branch may be infected and damaged by immersed perithecium	Diaporthe perniciosa	a pyrenomycete	Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Diaporthales/Diaporthaceae/Diaporthe perniciosa/	Diaporthe perniciosa	a pyrenomycete	immersed		perithecium	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		cankered, dyingback	branch		Minor	(2-3)	immersed perithecium infects and damages cankered, dyingback branch
branch (cankered, dyingback)	cankered, dyingback branch may be infected and damaged by Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph	Diaporthe perniciosa	a pyrenomycete	Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Diaporthales/Diaporthaceae/Diaporthe perniciosa/	Diaporthe perniciosa	a pyrenomycete			Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		cankered, dyingback	branch		Minor		Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph infects and damages cankered, dyingback branch
branch (cankered)	cankered branch may be infected and damaged by erumpent apothecium	Pezicula malicorticis	a discomycete	Helotiales: Dermateaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Dermateaceae/Pezicula malicorticis/	Pezicula malicorticis	a discomycete	erumpent		apothecium	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		cankered	branch				erumpent apothecium infects and damages cankered branch
branch (cankered)	cankered branch may be infected and damaged by conidioma of Cryptosporiopsis coelomycetous anamorph	Pezicula malicorticis	a discomycete	Helotiales: Dermateaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Dermateaceae/Pezicula malicorticis/	Pezicula malicorticis	a discomycete		conidioma	Cryptosporiopsis coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		cankered	branch				conidioma of Cryptosporiopsis coelomycetous anamorph infects and damages cankered branch
branch (cankered)	cankered branch may be infected and damaged by perithecium	Neonectria galligena	Apple and Pear Canker	Hypocreales: Nectriaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Nectriaceae/Neonectria galligena/	Neonectria galligena	apple and pear canker			perithecium	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		cankered	branch		Major	(1-12)	perithecium infects and damages cankered branch
branch (cankered)	cankered branch may be infected and damaged by Cylindrocarpon anamorph	Neonectria galligena	Apple and Pear Canker	Hypocreales: Nectriaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Nectriaceae/Neonectria galligena/	Neonectria galligena	apple and pear canker			Cylindrocarpon anamorph	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		cankered	branch		Major		Cylindrocarpon anamorph infects and damages cankered branch
branch (dead, decorticate or with bark rolling back)	dead, decorticate or with bark rolling back branch is decayed by widely effused stroma	Diatrype stigma	Common Tarcrust	Xylariales: Diatrypaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Diatrypaceae/Diatrype stigma/	Diatrype stigma	common tarcrust	widely effused		stroma	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead, decorticate or with bark rolling back	branch			(1-12)	widely effused stroma is saprobic on dead, decorticate or with bark rolling back branch
branch (dead, decorticate or with bark rolling back)	dead, decorticate or with bark rolling back branch is decayed by stromatic, immersed perithecium	Diatrype stigma	Common Tarcrust	Xylariales: Diatrypaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Diatrypaceae/Diatrype stigma/	Diatrype stigma	common tarcrust	stromatic, immersed		perithecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead, decorticate or with bark rolling back	branch			(1-12)	stromatic, immersed perithecium is saprobic on dead, decorticate or with bark rolling back branch
branch (dead, decorticate, attached)	dead, decorticate, attached branch is decayed by fruitbody	Vuilleminia cystidiata	a resupinate basidiomycete	Corticiales: Corticiaceae	British Vuilleminia species, Morris, I. & Roberts, P., 1997	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Corticiales/Corticiaceae/Vuilleminia cystidiata/	Vuilleminia cystidiata	a resupinate basidiomycete			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead, decorticate, attached	branch				fruitbody is saprobic on dead, decorticate, attached branch
branch (dead, fallen)	dead, fallen branch is decayed by fruitbody	Athelia arachnoidea	Candelabra Duster, Cobweb Duster	Atheliales: Atheliaceae	British Parasitic Fungi, Moore, W.C., 1959	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Atheliales/Atheliaceae/Athelia arachnoidea/	Athelia arachnoidea	candelabra duster, cobweb duster			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead, fallen	branch				fruitbody is saprobic on dead, fallen branch
branch (dead, often rotten)	dead, often rotten branch is decayed by perithecium	Nectria peziza	a pyrenomycete	Hypocreales: Nectriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Nectriaceae/Nectria peziza/	Nectria peziza	a pyrenomycete			perithecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead, often rotten	branch			(8-12)	perithecium is saprobic on dead, often rotten branch
branch (dead, partly buried)	dead, partly buried branch is decayed by erect stroma	Xylaria hypoxylon	Candle-snuff, Candlesnuff Fungus, Stag’s-horn Fungus	Xylariales: Xylariaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Xylariaceae/Xylaria hypoxylon/	Xylaria hypoxylon	candle-snuff, candlesnuff fungus, stag's-horn fungus	erect		stroma	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead, partly buried	branch				erect stroma is saprobic on dead, partly buried branch
branch (dead)	dead branch may contain larva	Tetrops praeustus	Plum Longhorn Beetle, Plum Beetle	Coleoptera: Cerambycidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992 Identification - Longhorn Beetles: Part 2, Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Cerambycidae/Tetrops praeustus/	Tetrops praeustus	plum longhorn beetle, plum beetle			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	branch				larva feeds within dead branch
branch (dead)	dead branch is decayed by hysterothecium	Gloniopsis praelonga	an ascomycete	Hysteriales: Hysteriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Hysteriales/Hysteriaceae/Gloniopsis praelonga/	Gloniopsis praelonga	an ascomycete			hysterothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	branch			(1-12)	hysterothecium is saprobic on dead branch
branch (dead)	dead branch is decayed by effuse colony of Pseudospiropes dematiaceous anamorph	Strossmayeria basitricha	a discomycete	Helotiales: Helotiaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Helotiaceae/Strossmayeria basitricha/	Strossmayeria basitricha	a discomycete	effuse	colony	Pseudospiropes dematiaceous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	branch				effuse colony of Pseudospiropes dematiaceous anamorph is saprobic on dead branch
branch (dead)	dead branch is decayed by erumpent, short-stalked apothecium	Rutstroemia rhenana	a discomycete	Helotiales: Rutstroemiaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Rutstroemiaceae/Rutstroemia rhenana/	Rutstroemia rhenana	a discomycete	erumpent, short-stalked		apothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	branch			(10)	erumpent, short-stalked apothecium is saprobic on dead branch
branch (dead)	dead branch is associate of perithecium	Nitschkia parasitans	a pyrenomycete	Coronophorales: Nitschkiaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Coronophorales/Nitschkiaceae/Nitschkia parasitans/	Nitschkia parasitans	a pyrenomycete			perithecium	Plant / associate		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	branch			(9-5)	perithecium is associated with dead branch
branch (dead)	dead branch is decayed by clustered, erumpent through cracks in bark apothecium	Gnomonia alnea	a valsoid pyenomycete	Diaporthales: Gnomoniaceae	Notes on British species of Tympanis (Leotiales) with T. prunicola new to Britain, Yao, Y.-J. & Spooner, B.M., 1996	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Diaporthales/Gnomoniaceae/Gnomonia alnea/	Gnomonia alnea	a valsoid pyenomycete	clustered, erumpent through cracks in bark		apothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	branch			(2-6)	clustered, erumpent through cracks in bark apothecium is saprobic on dead branch
branch (dead)	dead branch is decayed by immersed, grouped in circles perithecium	Cytospora populina	a valsoid pyrenomycete	Diaporthales: Valsaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Diaporthales/Valsaceae/Cytospora populina/	Cytospora populina	a valsoid pyrenomycete	immersed, grouped in circles		perithecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	branch		Major	(10-5)	immersed, grouped in circles perithecium is saprobic on dead branch
branch (dead)	dead branch is decayed by subgregarious to densely scattered, covered then erumpent, blackish grey with paler roundish flat disc stroma of Cytospora anamorph	Cytospora populina	a valsoid pyrenomycete	Diaporthales: Valsaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Diaporthales/Valsaceae/Cytospora populina/	Cytospora populina	a valsoid pyrenomycete	subgregarious to densely scattered, covered then erumpent, blackish grey with paler roundish flat disc	stroma	Cytospora anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	branch		Major	(10-5)	subgregarious to densely scattered, covered then erumpent, blackish grey with paler roundish flat disc stroma of Cytospora anamorph is saprobic on dead branch
branch (dead)	dead branch is decayed by stromatic, in clusters of up to 15 perithecium	Nectria cinnabarina	Coral Spot, Coral-spot Fungus	Hypocreales: Nectriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Nectriaceae/Nectria cinnabarina/	Nectria cinnabarina	coral spot, coral-spot fungus	stromatic, in clusters of up to 15		perithecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	branch			(9-3)	stromatic, in clusters of up to 15 perithecium is saprobic on dead branch
branch (dead)	dead branch is decayed by sporodochium of Tubercularia anamorph	Nectria cinnabarina	Coral Spot, Coral-spot Fungus	Hypocreales: Nectriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Nectriaceae/Nectria cinnabarina/	Nectria cinnabarina	coral spot, coral-spot fungus		sporodochium	Tubercularia anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	branch				sporodochium of Tubercularia anamorph is saprobic on dead branch
branch (dead)	dead branch is decayed by Nodulisporium anamorph	[Hypoxylon rubiginosum agg.]	rusty woodwarts	Xylariales: Xylariaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Xylariaceae/Hypoxylon rubiginosum agg./	Hypoxylon rubiginosum agg.	rusty woodwarts			Nodulisporium anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	branch		Minor		Nodulisporium anamorph is saprobic on dead branch
branch (dead)	dead branch is decayed by widely effused stroma	[Hypoxylon rubiginosum agg.]	rusty woodwarts	Xylariales: Xylariaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Xylariaceae/Hypoxylon rubiginosum agg./	Hypoxylon rubiginosum agg.	rusty woodwarts	widely effused		stroma	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	branch		Minor		widely effused stroma is saprobic on dead branch
branch (live, decorticate)	live, decorticate branch is decayed by fruitbody	Vuilleminia cystidiata	a resupinate basidiomycete	Corticiales: Corticiaceae	British Vuilleminia species, Morris, I. & Roberts, P., 1997	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Corticiales/Corticiaceae/Vuilleminia cystidiata/	Vuilleminia cystidiata	a resupinate basidiomycete			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live, decorticate	branch				fruitbody is saprobic on live, decorticate branch
branch (live)	live branch is decayed by densely encrusting	Lepidosaphes ulmi	Mussel Scale	Hemiptera: Coccidae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Lepidosaphes ulmi/	Lepidosaphes ulmi	mussel scale	densely encrusting			Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	branch				densely encrusting is saprobic on live branch
branch (moribund)	moribund branch may contain larva	Tetrops praeustus	Plum Longhorn Beetle, Plum Beetle	Coleoptera: Cerambycidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992 Identification - Longhorn Beetles: Part 2, Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Cerambycidae/Tetrops praeustus/	Tetrops praeustus	plum longhorn beetle, plum beetle			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		moribund	branch				larva feeds within moribund branch
branch (white woolly-covered)	white woolly-covered branch is galled by	Eriosoma lanigerum	Woolly Aphis, American Blight, Woolly Apple Aphid	Hemiptera: Aphididae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Aphididae/Eriosoma lanigerum/	Eriosoma lanigerum	woolly aphis, american blight, woolly apple aphid				Foodplant / gall		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		white woolly-covered	branch			(3-)	causes gall of white woolly-covered branch
cambium of dead twig (below)	below cambium of dead twig is mined by larva	Magdalis barbicornis	Pear Weevil	Coleoptera: Curculionidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992 True Weevils (Part I): Family Curculionidae, subfamilies Raymondionyminae to Smicronychinae, Morris, M.G., 2002	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Magdalis barbicornis/	Magdalis barbicornis	pear weevil			larva	Foodplant / miner	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		below	cambium of dead twig				larva mines below cambium of dead twig
canopy	canopy may have swarming adult	Melolontha melolontha	Common Cockchafer, May Bug	Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Scarabaeidae/Melolontha melolontha/	Melolontha melolontha	common cockchafer, May bug	swarming		adult	Plant / resting place / on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			canopy			(5-6)	swarming adult may be found on canopy
flower bud	flower bud is galled by larva	Anthonomus pomorum	Apple Blossom Weevil, Apple-blossom Weevil	Coleoptera: Curculionidae	Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Anthonomus pomorum/	Anthonomus pomorum	apple blossom weevil, apple-blossom weevil			larva	Foodplant / gall		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			flower bud				larva causes gall of flower bud
flower (live, aborted)	live, aborted flower may contain usually solitary larva	Anthonomus pomorum	Apple Blossom Weevil, Apple-blossom Weevil	Coleoptera: Curculionidae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Anthonomus pomorum/	Anthonomus pomorum	apple blossom weevil, apple-blossom weevil	usually solitary		larva	Foodplant / internal feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live, aborted	flower				usually solitary larva feeds within live, aborted flower
flower (live, aborted)	live, aborted flower may contain usually solitary adult	Anthonomus pomorum	Apple Blossom Weevil, Apple-blossom Weevil	Coleoptera: Curculionidae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Anthonomus pomorum/	Anthonomus pomorum	apple blossom weevil, apple-blossom weevil	usually solitary		adult	Foodplant / internal feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live, aborted	flower				usually solitary adult feeds within live, aborted flower
flower (live, aborted)	live, aborted flower may house usually solitary pupa	Anthonomus pomorum	Apple Blossom Weevil, Apple-blossom Weevil	Coleoptera: Curculionidae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Anthonomus pomorum/	Anthonomus pomorum	apple blossom weevil, apple-blossom weevil	usually solitary		pupa	Plant / resting place / within		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live, aborted	flower				usually solitary pupa may be found in live, aborted flower
fruit cracks (cracked, russetted)	cracked, russetted fruit cracks is decayed by Coniothecium anamorph	Coniothecium chomatosporum	an anamorphic ascomycete	Helotiales: Hyaloscyphaceae	British Parasitic Fungi, Moore, W.C., 1959	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Hyaloscyphaceae/Coniothecium chomatosporum/	Coniothecium chomatosporum	an anamorphic ascomycete			Coniothecium anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		cracked, russetted	fruit cracks		Major		Coniothecium anamorph is saprobic on cracked, russetted fruit cracks
fruit	fruit may contain larva	Rhynchites bacchus	a leafroller weevil	Coleoptera: Rhynchitidae	Orthocerous Weevils, Morris, M.G., 1990	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Rhynchitidae/Rhynchites bacchus/	Rhynchites bacchus	a leafroller weevil			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			fruit				larva feeds within fruit
fruit	fruit may contain larva	Tatianaerhynchites aequatus	Apple Fruit Rhynchites	Coleoptera: Rhynchitidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992 Orthocerous Weevils, Morris, M.G., 1990	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Rhynchitidae/Tatianaerhynchites aequatus/	Tatianaerhynchites aequatus	apple fruit rhynchites			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			fruit		Major		larva feeds within fruit
fruit	fruit may house hibernating larva	Ametastegia glabrata	a sawfly	Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae	Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (b), Benson, R.B., 1952	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Tenthredinidae/Ametastegia glabrata/	Ametastegia glabrata	a sawfly			larva	Plant / hibernates / within		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			fruit				larva hibernates inside fruit
fruit	fruit may house hibernating prepupa?	Ametastegia glabrata	a sawfly	Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae	Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (b), Benson, R.B., 1952	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Tenthredinidae/Ametastegia glabrata/	Ametastegia glabrata	a sawfly			prepupa?	Plant / hibernates / within		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			fruit				prepupa? hibernates inside fruit
fruit	fruit is decayed by sessile apothecium	Neofabraea alba	a discomycete	Helotiales: Dermateaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Dermateaceae/Neofabraea alba/	Neofabraea alba	a discomycete	sessile		apothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			fruit		Major		sessile apothecium is saprobic on fruit
fruit	fruit is decayed by conidioma of Phlyctema coelomycetous anamorph	Neofabraea alba	a discomycete	Helotiales: Dermateaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Dermateaceae/Neofabraea alba/	Neofabraea alba	a discomycete		conidioma	Phlyctema coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			fruit		Major		conidioma of Phlyctema coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on fruit
fruit (live, fallen, brown-rotten)	live, fallen, brown-rotten fruit may be infected and damaged by sporodochium of Monilia dematiaceous anamorph	Monilinia fructigena	Apple Brown Rot - causative organism	Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Sclerotiniaceae/Monilinia fructigena/	Monilinia fructigena	apple brown rot (causative organism)		sporodochium	Monilia dematiaceous anamorph	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live, fallen, brown-rotten	fruit				sporodochium of Monilia dematiaceous anamorph infects and damages live, fallen, brown-rotten fruit
fruit (live)	live fruit may be infected and damaged by colony of Spilocaea dematiaceous anamorph	Venturia inaequalis	Apple Scab Fungus	Venturiales: Venturiaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Venturiales/Venturiaceae/Venturia inaequalis/	Venturia inaequalis	apple scab fungus		colony	Spilocaea dematiaceous anamorph	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	fruit				colony of Spilocaea dematiaceous anamorph infects and damages live fruit
fruit (live)	live fruit is galled by aecium	Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae	American Apple Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Schwein., Laundon, G., 1977	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae/	Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae	american apple rust			aecium	Foodplant / gall	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	fruit				aecium causes gall of live fruit
fruit (overwintered, mummified)	overwintered, mummified fruit is decayed by long-stalked, yellowish to greyish brown, gregarious apothecium	Monilinia fructigena	Apple Brown Rot - causative organism	Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Sclerotiniaceae/Monilinia fructigena/	Monilinia fructigena	apple brown rot (causative organism)	long-stalked, yellowish to greyish brown, gregarious		apothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		overwintered, mummified	fruit				long-stalked, yellowish to greyish brown, gregarious apothecium is saprobic on overwintered, mummified fruit
fruit (rotten)	rotten fruit may be infected and damaged by erumpent apothecium	Pezicula malicorticis	a discomycete	Helotiales: Dermateaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Dermateaceae/Pezicula malicorticis/	Pezicula malicorticis	a discomycete	erumpent		apothecium	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		rotten	fruit				erumpent apothecium infects and damages rotten fruit
fruit (rotten)	rotten fruit may be infected and damaged by conidioma of Cryptosporiopsis coelomycetous anamorph	Pezicula malicorticis	a discomycete	Helotiales: Dermateaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Dermateaceae/Pezicula malicorticis/	Pezicula malicorticis	a discomycete		conidioma	Cryptosporiopsis coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		rotten	fruit				conidioma of Cryptosporiopsis coelomycetous anamorph infects and damages rotten fruit
fruit (soft, brown, rotten, musty-smelling)	soft, brown, rotten, musty-smelling fruit may be infected and damaged by colony of Penicillium dematiaceous anamorph	Penicillium expansum	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus	Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Penicillium expansum, Kozakiewicz, Z., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Eurotiomycetes/Eurotiales/Trichocomaceae/Penicillium expansum/	Penicillium expansum	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus		colony	Penicillium dematiaceous anamorph	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		soft, brown, rotten, musty-smelling	fruit		Major		colony of Penicillium dematiaceous anamorph infects and damages soft, brown, rotten, musty-smelling fruit
leaf	leaf is galled by	Eriophyes malinus	a gall mite	Trombidiformes: Eriophyidae	Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Arachnida/Trombidiformes/Eriophyidae/Eriophyes malinus/	Eriophyes malinus	a gall mite				Foodplant / gall		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			leaf				causes gall of leaf
leaf	leaf is galled by larva	Dasineura mali	a gall midge	Diptera: Cecidomyiidae	Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Cecidomyiidae/Dasineura mali/	Dasineura mali	a gall midge			larva	Foodplant / gall		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			leaf				larva causes gall of leaf
leaf (blackened, fallen)	blackened, fallen leaf is decayed by amphigenous, immersed pseudothecium	Venturia inaequalis	Apple Scab Fungus	Venturiales: Venturiaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Venturiales/Venturiaceae/Venturia inaequalis/	Venturia inaequalis	apple scab fungus	amphigenous, immersed		pseudothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		blackened, fallen	leaf			(2-3)	amphigenous, immersed pseudothecium is saprobic on blackened, fallen leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is spotted by epiphyllous, scattered, sometimes grouped, immersed pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph	Phyllosticta briardii	a coelomcyete	Botryosphaeriales: Phyllostictaceae	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Botryosphaeriales/Phyllostictaceae/Phyllosticta briardii/	Phyllosticta briardii	a coelomcyete	epiphyllous, scattered, sometimes grouped, immersed	pycnidium	Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	leaf			(8)	epiphyllous, scattered, sometimes grouped, immersed pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is spotted by epiphyllous, immersed pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph	Mycosphaerella pomi	an ascomycete	Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae	New or interesting British fungi, Dennis, R.W.G. & Wakefield, E.M., 1946 British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Mycosphaerella pomi/	Mycosphaerella pomi	an ascomycete	epiphyllous, immersed	pycnidium	Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	leaf			(8-11)	epiphyllous, immersed pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is spotted by pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph	Phoma prunicola	Apple and Pear Leaf Spot	Pleosporales	Phoma prunicola (Opiz) Wollenw. & Hochapf., Morgan-Jones, G., 1967	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Phoma prunicola/	Phoma prunicola	apple and pear leaf spot		pycnidium	Phoma coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	leaf				pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf may be infected and damaged by colony of Spilocaea dematiaceous anamorph	Venturia inaequalis	Apple Scab Fungus	Venturiales: Venturiaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Venturiales/Venturiaceae/Venturia inaequalis/	Venturia inaequalis	apple scab fungus		colony	Spilocaea dematiaceous anamorph	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	leaf				colony of Spilocaea dematiaceous anamorph infects and damages live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf may be infected and damaged by cleistothecium	Podosphaera leucotricha	Apple Powdery Mildew	Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Erysiphales/Erysiphaceae/Podosphaera leucotricha/	Podosphaera leucotricha	apple powdery mildew			cleistothecium	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	leaf				cleistothecium infects and damages live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf may be infected and damaged by conidial anamorph	Podosphaera leucotricha	Apple Powdery Mildew	Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Erysiphales/Erysiphaceae/Podosphaera leucotricha/	Podosphaera leucotricha	apple powdery mildew			conidial anamorph	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	leaf				conidial anamorph infects and damages live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is galled by hypophyllous aecium	Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae	American Apple Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Schwein., Laundon, G., 1977	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae/	Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae	american apple rust	hypophyllous		aecium	Foodplant / gall	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	leaf		Major		hypophyllous aecium causes gall of live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is galled by epiphyllouson slightly thickened brown spots pycnium	Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae	American Apple Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Schwein., Laundon, G., 1977	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae/	Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae	american apple rust	epiphyllouson slightly thickened brown spots		pycnium	Foodplant / gall	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	leaf				epiphyllouson slightly thickened brown spots pycnium causes gall of live leaf
leaf (live/dead)	live/dead leaf is spotted by epiphyllous, immersed pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph	Phoma pomorum	a coelomycete	Pleosporales	New or interesting British fungi, Dennis, R.W.G. & Wakefield, E.M., 1946 Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995 British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Phoma pomorum/	Phoma pomorum	a coelomycete	epiphyllous, immersed	pycnidium	Phoma coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live/dead	leaf				epiphyllous, immersed pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on live/dead leaf
petal (live)	live petal is foodplant of adult	Byturus tomentosus	Raspberry Beetle	Coleoptera: Byturidae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Byturidae/Byturus tomentosus/	Byturus tomentosus	raspberry beetle			adult	Foodplant / feeds on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	petal			(4-5)	adult feeds on live petal
pollen?	pollen? is foodplant of adult	Bruchus pisorum	Pea Beetle, Spanish Bean Beetle	Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae	Atlas of the Seed and Leaf Beetles of Britain and Ireland, Cox, M.L., 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Chrysomelidae/Bruchus pisorum/	Bruchus pisorum	pea beetle, spanish bean beetle			adult	Foodplant / feeds on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			pollen?			(4-7(-9)	adult feeds on pollen?
pollen (live)	live pollen is foodplant of adult	Byturus tomentosus	Raspberry Beetle	Coleoptera: Byturidae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Byturidae/Byturus tomentosus/	Byturus tomentosus	raspberry beetle			adult	Foodplant / feeds on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	pollen			(4-5)	adult feeds on live pollen
root (dead)	dead root is decayed by fruitbody	Ganoderma lucidum	Lacquered Bracket	Polyporales: Ganodermataceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Polyporales/Ganodermataceae/Ganoderma lucidum/	Ganoderma lucidum	lacquered bracket			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	root		Minor		fruitbody is saprobic on dead root
root (live)	live root is parasitised by fruitbody	Ganoderma lucidum	Lacquered Bracket	Polyporales: Ganodermataceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Polyporales/Ganodermataceae/Ganoderma lucidum/	Ganoderma lucidum	lacquered bracket			fruitbody	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	root		Minor		fruitbody parasitises live root
rootstock (dead)	dead rootstock is decayed by subepidermal acervulus of Truncatella coelomycetous anamorph	Truncatella angustata	a coelomycete	Xylariales: Amphisphaeriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Amphisphaeriaceae/Truncatella angustata/	Truncatella angustata	a coelomycete	subepidermal	acervulus	Truncatella coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	rootstock				subepidermal acervulus of Truncatella coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on dead rootstock
sap run	sap run is decayed by larva	Ferdinandea	a genus of hoverflies	Diptera: Syrphidae	Colour Guide to Hoverfly Larvae (Diptera, Syrphidae) in Britain and Europe, Rotheray, G.E., 1993	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Syrphidae/Ferdinandea/	Ferdinandea	a genus of hoverflies			larva	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			sap run				larva is saprobic on sap run
shoot (decaying)	decaying shoot may contain larva	Involvulus icosandriae	Apple Twig Cutter, Twig Cutting Weevil, Twig-cutting Weevil	Coleoptera: Rhynchitidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992 Orthocerous Weevils, Morris, M.G., 1990	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Rhynchitidae/Involvulus icosandriae/	Involvulus icosandriae	apple twig cutter, twig cutting weevil, twig-cutting weevil			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		decaying	shoot				larva feeds within decaying shoot
shoot (live)	live shoot may be infected and damaged by colony of Spilocaea dematiaceous anamorph	Venturia inaequalis	Apple Scab Fungus	Venturiales: Venturiaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Venturiales/Venturiaceae/Venturia inaequalis/	Venturia inaequalis	apple scab fungus		colony	Spilocaea dematiaceous anamorph	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	shoot				colony of Spilocaea dematiaceous anamorph infects and damages live shoot
stamen (live)	live stamen is foodplant of adult	Byturus tomentosus	Raspberry Beetle	Coleoptera: Byturidae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Byturidae/Byturus tomentosus/	Byturus tomentosus	raspberry beetle			adult	Foodplant / feeds on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	stamen			(4-5)	adult feeds on live stamen
stem (woody) (live)	live stem (woody) is decayed by densely encrusting	Lepidosaphes ulmi	Mussel Scale	Hemiptera: Coccidae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Lepidosaphes ulmi/	Lepidosaphes ulmi	mussel scale	densely encrusting			Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	stem (woody)				densely encrusting is saprobic on live stem (woody)
stem (live)	live stem is galled by aecium	Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae	American Apple Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Schwein., Laundon, G., 1977	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae/	Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae	american apple rust			aecium	Foodplant / gall	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	stem				aecium causes gall of live stem
stump (large) (dead)	dead stump (large) is decayed by fruitbody	Volvariella bombycina	Silky Rosegill	Agaricales: Pluteaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Pluteaceae/Volvariella bombycina/	Volvariella bombycina	silky rosegill			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	stump (large)		Rare		fruitbody is saprobic on dead stump (large)
stump (dead, often rotten)	dead, often rotten stump is decayed by perithecium	Nectria peziza	a pyrenomycete	Hypocreales: Nectriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Nectriaceae/Nectria peziza/	Nectria peziza	a pyrenomycete			perithecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead, often rotten	stump			(8-12)	perithecium is saprobic on dead, often rotten stump
stump (dead)	dead stump is decayed by fruitbody	Athelia arachnoidea	Candelabra Duster, Cobweb Duster	Atheliales: Atheliaceae	British Parasitic Fungi, Moore, W.C., 1959	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Atheliales/Atheliaceae/Athelia arachnoidea/	Athelia arachnoidea	candelabra duster, cobweb duster			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	stump				fruitbody is saprobic on dead stump
stump (dead)	dead stump is decayed by fruitbody	Ganoderma lucidum	Lacquered Bracket	Polyporales: Ganodermataceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Polyporales/Ganodermataceae/Ganoderma lucidum/	Ganoderma lucidum	lacquered bracket			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	stump		Minor		fruitbody is saprobic on dead stump
stump (live)	live stump is parasitised by fruitbody	Ganoderma lucidum	Lacquered Bracket	Polyporales: Ganodermataceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Polyporales/Ganodermataceae/Ganoderma lucidum/	Ganoderma lucidum	lacquered bracket			fruitbody	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	stump		Minor		fruitbody parasitises live stump
stump (old)	old stump is decayed by erect stroma	Xylaria hypoxylon	Candle-snuff, Candlesnuff Fungus, Stag’s-horn Fungus	Xylariales: Xylariaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Xylariaceae/Xylaria hypoxylon/	Xylaria hypoxylon	candle-snuff, candlesnuff fungus, stag's-horn fungus	erect		stroma	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		old	stump				erect stroma is saprobic on old stump
stump (relatively freshly cut, white rotted)	relatively freshly cut, white rotted stump is decayed by fruitbody	Pholiota squarrosa	Shaggy Scalycap, Shaggy Pholiota	Agaricales: Strophariaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Strophariaceae/Pholiota squarrosa/	Pholiota squarrosa	shaggy scalycap, shaggy pholiota			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		relatively freshly cut, white rotted	stump				fruitbody is saprobic on relatively freshly cut, white rotted stump
trunk (esp. base) (dead, white rotted)	dead, white rotted trunk (esp. base) is decayed by fruitbody	Pholiota squarrosa	Shaggy Scalycap, Shaggy Pholiota	Agaricales: Strophariaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Strophariaceae/Pholiota squarrosa/	Pholiota squarrosa	shaggy scalycap, shaggy pholiota			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead, white rotted	trunk (esp. base)				fruitbody is saprobic on dead, white rotted trunk (esp. base)
trunk (esp. base) (live)	live trunk (esp. base) is parasitised by fruitbody	Pholiota squarrosa	Shaggy Scalycap, Shaggy Pholiota	Agaricales: Strophariaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Strophariaceae/Pholiota squarrosa/	Pholiota squarrosa	shaggy scalycap, shaggy pholiota			fruitbody	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	trunk (esp. base)				fruitbody parasitises live trunk (esp. base)
trunk (large) (dead, fallen, decayed)	dead, fallen, decayed trunk (large) is decayed by fruitbody	Postia tephroleuca	Greying Bracket, Greyling Bracket	Polyporales: Fomitopsidaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Polyporales/Fomitopsidaceae/Postia tephroleuca/	Postia tephroleuca	greying bracket, greyling bracket			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead, fallen, decayed	trunk (large)		Minor		fruitbody is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed trunk (large)
trunk (large) (dead, standing)	dead, standing trunk (large) is decayed by fruitbody	Volvariella bombycina	Silky Rosegill	Agaricales: Pluteaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Pluteaceae/Volvariella bombycina/	Volvariella bombycina	silky rosegill			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead, standing	trunk (large)		Rare		fruitbody is saprobic on dead, standing trunk (large)
trunk (large) (fallen)	fallen trunk (large) is decayed by fruitbody	Volvariella bombycina	Silky Rosegill	Agaricales: Pluteaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Pluteaceae/Volvariella bombycina/	Volvariella bombycina	silky rosegill			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		fallen	trunk (large)		Rare		fruitbody is saprobic on fallen trunk (large)
trunk (large) (live, standing)	live, standing trunk (large) is decayed by fruitbody	Volvariella bombycina	Silky Rosegill	Agaricales: Pluteaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Pluteaceae/Volvariella bombycina/	Volvariella bombycina	silky rosegill			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live, standing	trunk (large)		Rare		fruitbody is saprobic on live, standing trunk (large)
trunk (dead, hollow)	dead, hollow trunk is decayed by fruitbody	Sarcodontia crocea	Orchard Tooth, Orchard Toothcrust	Polyporales: Meruliaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Polyporales/Meruliaceae/Sarcodontia crocea/	Sarcodontia crocea	orchard tooth, orchard toothcrust			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead, hollow	trunk		Sole		fruitbody is saprobic on dead, hollow trunk
trunk (dead)	dead trunk is decayed by fruitbody	Inonotus hispidus	Shaggy Bracket	Hymenochaetales: Hymenochaetaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Hymenochaetales/Hymenochaetaceae/Inonotus hispidus/	Inonotus hispidus	shaggy bracket			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	trunk		Major		fruitbody is saprobic on dead trunk
trunk (dead)	dead trunk is decayed by fruitbody	Ganoderma applanatum	Artist’s Bracket	Polyporales: Ganodermataceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Polyporales/Ganodermataceae/Ganoderma applanatum/	Ganoderma applanatum	artist's bracket			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	trunk				fruitbody is saprobic on dead trunk
trunk (large, dead, standing)	large, dead, standing trunk is decayed by fruitbody	Pappia fissilis	Greasy Bracket	Polyporales: Meruliaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Polyporales/Meruliaceae/Pappia fissilis/	Pappia fissilis	greasy bracket			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		large, dead, standing	trunk				fruitbody is saprobic on large, dead, standing trunk
trunk (live, hollow)	live, hollow trunk is parasitised by fruitbody	Sarcodontia crocea	Orchard Tooth, Orchard Toothcrust	Polyporales: Meruliaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Polyporales/Meruliaceae/Sarcodontia crocea/	Sarcodontia crocea	orchard tooth, orchard toothcrust			fruitbody	Foodplant / parasite	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live, hollow	trunk		Sole		fruitbody parasitises live, hollow trunk
trunk (live, standing)	live, standing trunk is decayed by fruitbody	Pleurotus dryinus	Veiled Oyster	Agaricales: Pleurotaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Bioimages - the Virtual Field Guide, Storey, M.W., 2015	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Pleurotaceae/Pleurotus dryinus/	Pleurotus dryinus	veiled oyster			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live, standing	trunk		Major		fruitbody is saprobic on live, standing trunk
trunk (live)	live trunk is parasitised by fruitbody	Inonotus hispidus	Shaggy Bracket	Hymenochaetales: Hymenochaetaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Hymenochaetales/Hymenochaetaceae/Inonotus hispidus/	Inonotus hispidus	shaggy bracket			fruitbody	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	trunk		Major		fruitbody parasitises live trunk
trunk (live)	live trunk is galled by fruitbody	Inonotus obliquus	Chaga	Hymenochaetales: Hymenochaetaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Hymenochaetales/Hymenochaetaceae/Inonotus obliquus/	Inonotus obliquus	chaga			fruitbody	Foodplant / gall		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples	?	live	trunk		Rare		fruitbody causes gall of live trunk
trunk (live)	live trunk is parasitised by fruitbody	Phellinus igniarius	Willow Bracket, Willow Heart Rot (Causative Orgnaism)	Hymenochaetales: Hymenochaetaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Hymenochaetales/Hymenochaetaceae/Phellinus igniarius/	Phellinus igniarius	willow bracket, willow heart rot (causative orgnaism)			fruitbody	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	trunk		Minor		fruitbody parasitises live trunk
trunk (live)	live trunk is parasitised by fruitbody	Ganoderma applanatum	Artist’s Bracket	Polyporales: Ganodermataceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Polyporales/Ganodermataceae/Ganoderma applanatum/	Ganoderma applanatum	artist's bracket			fruitbody	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	trunk				fruitbody parasitises live trunk
trunk (live)	live trunk is associate of fruitbody	Truncospora atlantica	a bracket fungus	Polyporales: Polyporaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Polyporales/Polyporaceae/Truncospora atlantica/	Truncospora atlantica	a bracket fungus			fruitbody	Plant / associate	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	trunk				fruitbody is associated with live trunk
twig (1-2 years old)	twig (1-2 years old) is galled by egg	Blepharidopterus angulatus	Black-kneed Apple Capsid	Hemiptera: Miridae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Blepharidopterus angulatus/	Blepharidopterus angulatus	black-kneed apple capsid			egg	Foodplant / gall	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			twig (1-2 years old)				egg causes gall of twig (1-2 years old)
twig (cambium)	twig (cambium) may contain larva	Phytobia carbonaria	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytobia carbonaria/	Phytobia carbonaria	a leaf-mining fly			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			twig (cambium)				larva feeds within twig (cambium)
twig (thin) (live)	live twig (thin) may be infected and damaged by cleistothecium	Podosphaera leucotricha	Apple Powdery Mildew	Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Erysiphales/Erysiphaceae/Podosphaera leucotricha/	Podosphaera leucotricha	apple powdery mildew			cleistothecium	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	twig (thin)				cleistothecium infects and damages live twig (thin)
twig (thin) (live)	live twig (thin) may be infected and damaged by conidial anamorph	Podosphaera leucotricha	Apple Powdery Mildew	Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Erysiphales/Erysiphaceae/Podosphaera leucotricha/	Podosphaera leucotricha	apple powdery mildew			conidial anamorph	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	twig (thin)				conidial anamorph infects and damages live twig (thin)
twig	twig is decayed by immersed, grouped in circles perithecium	Cytospora populina	a valsoid pyrenomycete	Diaporthales: Valsaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Diaporthales/Valsaceae/Cytospora populina/	Cytospora populina	a valsoid pyrenomycete	immersed, grouped in circles		perithecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			twig			(10-5)	immersed, grouped in circles perithecium is saprobic on twig
twig	twig is decayed by subgregarious to densely scattered, covered then erumpent, blackish grey with paler roundish flat disc stroma of Cytospora coelomycetous anamorph	Cytospora populina	a valsoid pyrenomycete	Diaporthales: Valsaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Diaporthales/Valsaceae/Cytospora populina/	Cytospora populina	a valsoid pyrenomycete	subgregarious to densely scattered, covered then erumpent, blackish grey with paler roundish flat disc	stroma	Cytospora coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			twig			(10-5)	subgregarious to densely scattered, covered then erumpent, blackish grey with paler roundish flat disc stroma of Cytospora coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on twig
twig (dead, fallen)	dead, fallen twig is decayed by fruitbody	Phaeomarasmius rimulincola	a toadstool	Agaricales: Inocybaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Inocybaceae/Phaeomarasmius rimulincola/	Phaeomarasmius rimulincola	a toadstool			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead, fallen	twig				fruitbody is saprobic on dead, fallen twig
twig (dead)	dead twig may contain larva	Pogonocherus hispidulus	Greater Thorn-tipped Longhorn Beetle	Coleoptera: Cerambycidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992 Identification - Longhorn Beetles: Part 2, Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Cerambycidae/Pogonocherus hispidulus/	Pogonocherus hispidulus	greater thorn-tipped longhorn beetle			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	twig				larva feeds within dead twig
twig (dead)	dead twig may contain larva	Pogonocherus hispidus	Lesser Thorn-tipped Longhorn Beetle	Coleoptera: Cerambycidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992 Identification - Longhorn Beetles: Part 2, Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Cerambycidae/Pogonocherus hispidus/	Pogonocherus hispidus	lesser thorn-tipped longhorn beetle			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	twig		Major		larva feeds within dead twig
twig (dead)	dead twig is decayed by hysterothecium	Gloniopsis praelonga	an ascomycete	Hysteriales: Hysteriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Hysteriales/Hysteriaceae/Gloniopsis praelonga/	Gloniopsis praelonga	an ascomycete			hysterothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	twig			(1-12)	hysterothecium is saprobic on dead twig
twig (dead)	dead twig is decayed by densely clustered, immersed then breaking through pycnidium of Sclerophoma coelomycetous anamorph	Sclerophoma mali	a coelomycete		British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Sclerophoma mali/	Sclerophoma mali	a coelomycete	densely clustered, immersed then breaking through	pycnidium	Sclerophoma coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	twig				densely clustered, immersed then breaking through pycnidium of Sclerophoma coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on dead twig
twig (dead)	dead twig is decayed by erumpent through bark, often in large clusters apothecium	Tympanis conspersa	a discomycete	Helotiales: Tympanidaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Tympanidaceae/Tympanis conspersa/	Tympanis conspersa	a discomycete	erumpent through bark, often in large clusters		apothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	twig			(1-7)	erumpent through bark, often in large clusters apothecium is saprobic on dead twig
twig (dead)	dead twig is decayed by immersed, becoming erumpeny conidioma of Strasseria coelomycetous anamorph	Strasseria geniculata	a coelomycete		Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Strasseria geniculata/	Strasseria geniculata	a coelomycete	immersed, becoming erumpeny	conidioma	Strasseria coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	twig			(1-5)	immersed, becoming erumpeny conidioma of Strasseria coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on dead twig
twig (live)	live twig may be infected and damaged by colony	Venturia inaequalis	Apple Scab Fungus	Venturiales: Venturiaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Venturiales/Venturiaceae/Venturia inaequalis/	Venturia inaequalis	apple scab fungus		colony		Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	twig				colony infects and damages live twig
wood	wood may contain larva	Obrium cantharinum	a longhorn beetle	Coleoptera: Cerambycidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Cerambycidae/Obrium cantharinum/	Obrium cantharinum	a longhorn beetle			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			wood				larva feeds within wood
wood	wood is decayed by immersed, often loosely grouped perithecium	Diaporthe eres	a pyrenomycete	Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Diaporthales/Diaporthaceae/Diaporthe eres/	Diaporthe eres	a pyrenomycete	immersed, often loosely grouped		perithecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			wood				immersed, often loosely grouped perithecium is saprobic on wood
wood	wood is decayed by colony of Stachybotrys dematiaceous anamorph	Melanopsamma pomiformis	a pyrenomycete	Hypocreales: Niessliaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Niessliaceae/Melanopsamma pomiformis/	Melanopsamma pomiformis	a pyrenomycete		colony	Stachybotrys dematiaceous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			wood			(11-4)	colony of Stachybotrys dematiaceous anamorph is saprobic on wood
wood	wood is decayed by superficial, thickly clustered perithecium	Melanopsamma pomiformis	a pyrenomycete	Hypocreales: Niessliaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Niessliaceae/Melanopsamma pomiformis/	Melanopsamma pomiformis	a pyrenomycete	superficial, thickly clustered		perithecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			wood			(11-4)	superficial, thickly clustered perithecium is saprobic on wood
wood	wood is decayed by fruitbody	Spongipellis spumea	a mazegill fungus	Polyporales: Polyporaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Polyporales/Polyporaceae/Spongipellis spumea/	Spongipellis spumea	a mazegill fungus			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples			wood		Minor		fruitbody is saprobic on wood
wood (dead or rotten)	dead or rotten wood may contain larva	Sinodendron cylindricum	Rhinoceros Beetle	Coleoptera: Lucanidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992 Dung Beetles and Chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea), Jessop, L., 1986	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Lucanidae/Sinodendron cylindricum/	Sinodendron cylindricum	rhinoceros beetle			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead or rotten	wood				larva feeds within dead or rotten wood
wood (dead, decayed)	dead, decayed wood is decayed by fruitbody	Auricularia mesenterica	Tripe Fungus	Auriculariales: Auriculariaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Auriculariales/Auriculariaceae/Auricularia mesenterica/	Auricularia mesenterica	tripe fungus			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead, decayed	wood				fruitbody is saprobic on dead, decayed wood
wood (dead, decayed)	dead, decayed wood is decayed by fruitbody	Leucogyrophana mollusca	a resupinate bolete	Boletales: Hygrophoropsidaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Boletales/Hygrophoropsidaceae/Leucogyrophana mollusca/	Leucogyrophana mollusca	a resupinate bolete			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead, decayed	wood		Rare		fruitbody is saprobic on dead, decayed wood
wood (dead, fallen, decayed)	dead, fallen, decayed wood is decayed by fruitbody	Postia tephroleuca	Greying Bracket, Greyling Bracket	Polyporales: Fomitopsidaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Polyporales/Fomitopsidaceae/Postia tephroleuca/	Postia tephroleuca	greying bracket, greyling bracket			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead, fallen, decayed	wood		Minor		fruitbody is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed wood
wood (dead)	dead wood may house imago	Sinodendron cylindricum	Rhinoceros Beetle	Coleoptera: Lucanidae	Dung Beetles and Chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea), Jessop, L., 1986	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Lucanidae/Sinodendron cylindricum/	Sinodendron cylindricum	rhinoceros beetle			imago	Plant / resting place / within		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	wood				imago may be found in dead wood
wood (dead)	dead wood is decayed by subepidermal acervulus of Truncatella coelomycetous anamorph	Truncatella angustata	a coelomycete	Xylariales: Amphisphaeriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Amphisphaeriaceae/Truncatella angustata/	Truncatella angustata	a coelomycete	subepidermal	acervulus	Truncatella coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	wood				subepidermal acervulus of Truncatella coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on dead wood
wood (dead)	dead wood is decayed by fruitbody	Flammulina velutipes var velutipes	Velvet Shank, Winter Fungus	Agaricales: Physalacriaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Physalacriaceae/Flammulina velutipes var. velutipes/	Flammulina velutipes var. velutipes	velvet shank, winter fungus			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	wood			(mainly winter)	fruitbody is saprobic on dead wood
wood (dead)	dead wood is decayed by fruitbody	Oxyporus populinus	Poplar Bracket	Hymenochaetales: Schizoporaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Hymenochaetales/Schizoporaceae/Oxyporus populinus/	Oxyporus populinus	poplar bracket			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		dead	wood				fruitbody is saprobic on dead wood
wood (decayed)	decayed wood is decayed by fruitbody	Gymnopilus junonius	Spectacular Rustgill	Agaricales: Strophariaceae	Profiles of Fungi No. 112: Gymnopilus junonius (Fr.) P. D. Orton, Pegler, D.N. & Legon, N.W., 2000	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Strophariaceae/Gymnopilus junonius/	Gymnopilus junonius	spectacular rustgill			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		decayed	wood		Major		fruitbody is saprobic on decayed wood
wood (decayed)	decayed wood is decayed by fruitbody	Bjerkandera fumosa	Big Smoky Bracket	Polyporales: Meruliaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Polyporales/Meruliaceae/Bjerkandera fumosa/	Bjerkandera fumosa	big smoky bracket			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		decayed	wood				fruitbody is saprobic on decayed wood
wood (decaying)	decaying wood may contain larva	Prionychus ater	a darkling beetle	Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Tenebrionidae/Prionychus ater/	Prionychus ater	a darkling beetle			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		decaying	wood				larva feeds within decaying wood
wood (live)	live wood is parasitised by fruitbody	Oxyporus populinus	Poplar Bracket	Hymenochaetales: Schizoporaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Hymenochaetales/Schizoporaceae/Oxyporus populinus/	Oxyporus populinus	poplar bracket			fruitbody	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		live	wood				fruitbody parasitises live wood
wood (living)	living wood is parasitised by fruitbody	Spongipellis spumea	a mazegill fungus	Polyporales: Polyporaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Polyporales/Polyporaceae/Spongipellis spumea/	Spongipellis spumea	a mazegill fungus			fruitbody	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		living	wood		Minor		fruitbody parasitises living wood
wood (moribund)	moribund wood is parasitised by fruitbody	Flammulina velutipes var velutipes	Velvet Shank, Winter Fungus	Agaricales: Physalacriaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Physalacriaceae/Flammulina velutipes var. velutipes/	Flammulina velutipes var. velutipes	velvet shank, winter fungus			fruitbody	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		moribund	wood				fruitbody parasitises moribund wood
wood (sawdust-packed tunnel in dead)	sawdust-packed tunnel in dead wood may house ovum	Sinodendron cylindricum	Rhinoceros Beetle	Coleoptera: Lucanidae	Dung Beetles and Chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea), Jessop, L., 1986	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Lucanidae/Sinodendron cylindricum/	Sinodendron cylindricum	rhinoceros beetle			ovum	Plant / resting place / within		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		sawdust-packed tunnel in dead	wood				ovum may be found in sawdust-packed tunnel in dead wood
wood (usually decorticate)	usually decorticate wood is decayed by short-stalked apothecium	Neodasyscypha cerina	a discomycete	Helotiales: Hyaloscyphaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Hyaloscyphaceae/Neodasyscypha cerina/	Neodasyscypha cerina	a discomycete	short-stalked		apothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Malus/	Malus	apples		usually decorticate	wood			(3-9)	short-stalked apothecium is saprobic on usually decorticate wood

Subtaxon	Rank	Featured subtaxa	No of interactions	No of references
Malus atrosanguinea x niedzwetskyana = M. x purpurea purple crab	Species hybrid		2 trophisms
Malus baccata Siberian Crab	Species		1 trophisms
Malus baccata x pumila a hybrid apple	Species hybrid		1 trophisms
Malus floribunda Japanese Crab	Species		1 trophisms
Malus pumila Apple	Species	2 subtaxa	125 trophisms	5 references
Malus sylvestris Crab Apple	Species		8 trophisms
[Malus sylvestris s.l.] apples	Informal	4 subtaxa	135 trophisms	5 references

Genus	Malus (apples)
Family	ROSACEAE (roses and fruit trees)
Order	ROSALES (roses, elms, nettles, hops, buckthorns and figs)
Subclass	EU-DICOTS (dicotyledonous flowering plants)
Class	MAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants)
Phylum	TRACHEOPHYTA (vascular plants)
Kingdom	PLANTAE (plants)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

Malus Mill.
(apples)

Interactions where Malus is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

Taxonomic hierarchy:

BioInfo - Wildlife Information (UK)

Author & Year	Title	Source
Benson, R.B., 1952	Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (b)	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol VI, Part 2(b), 137pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants	Collins Photoguide, 2nd edition edition, Collins
Bullock, J.A., 1992	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations	11a, 24pp, Amateur Entomologists’ Society
Cox, M.L., 2007	Atlas of the Seed and Leaf Beetles of Britain and Ireland	336pp, Pisces Publications
Dennis, R.W.G. & Wakefield, E.M., 1946	New or interesting British fungi	TBMS Vol 29 (3): 141-166.
Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	Fungi of the South East England	383pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2007	Identification - Longhorn Beetles: Part 2	British Wildlife Vol 19, No 1: 35-43.
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook	2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Grove, W.B., 1935	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia	Vol I, 488pp, Cambridge University Press
Jessop, L., 1986	Dung Beetles and Chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 5, Part 11, New edition, 53pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Kozakiewicz, Z., 1995	Penicillium expansum	I.M.I. Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria CMI Descriptions of Pathenogenic Fungi and Bacteria Sheet 1258.
Laundon, G., 1977	Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Schwein.	I.M.I. Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria CMI Descriptions of Pathenogenic Fungi and Bacteria Sheet 547.
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota	517pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
MacLeod, A. & Matthews, L., 2005	CSL Pest Risk Analysis for Eulecanium excrescens	PRAs for consultation on pest risk management PRAs for consultation on pest risk management.
Moore, W.C., 1959	British Parasitic Fungi	430pp, Cambridge University Press
Morgan-Jones, G., 1967	Phoma prunicola (Opiz) Wollenw. & Hochapf.	I.M.I. Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria CMI Descriptions of Pathenogenic Fungi and Bacteria Sheet 135.
Morris, I. & Roberts, P., 1997	British Vuilleminia species	Mycologist Vol 11 (1): 4-6.
Morris, M.G., 1990	Orthocerous Weevils	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 5 Part 16, 108pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Morris, M.G., 1997	Broad-Nosed Weevils (Entiminae)	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 5, Part 17a, 106pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Morris, M.G., 2002	True Weevils (Part I): Family Curculionidae, subfamilies Raymondionyminae to Smicronychinae	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 5, Part 17b, 149pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976	Thysanoptera	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 1, part 11, 79pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Nau, B.S., 1984	Notes on the Recording and Identification of Psallus	Het News 4.
Pegler, D.N. & Legon, N.W., 2000	Profiles of Fungi No. 112: Gymnopilus junonius (Fr.) P. D. Orton	Mycologist Vol 14 (1): 37-38.
Redfern, M. & Shirley, P., 2002	British Plant Galls - Identification of galls on plants and fungi	AIDGAP Keys, 325pp, Field Studies Council
Rotheray, G.E., 1993	Colour Guide to Hoverfly Larvae (Diptera, Syrphidae) in Britain and Europe	Diperists Digest Dipterists Digest No. 9.
Salisbury, A. & Malumphy, C., 2017	Changes in status and distribution of Hydrangea Scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Britain	Br. J. Ent. Nat. Hist. Vol 30: 145-153.
Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles	Wayside & Woodland Series, 1959 edition, 436pp, Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd.
Spencer, K.A., 1972	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol X. Part 5(g), 136pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Storey, M.W., 2015	Bioimages - the Virtual Field Guide	www.bioimages.org.uk
Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls	95pp, British Plant Gall Society (BPGS)
Yao, Y.-J. & Spooner, B.M., 1996	Notes on British species of Tympanis (Leotiales) with T. prunicola new to Britain	Kew Bulletin Vol 51 (1): 187-191.