Viola canina L.
(Heath Dog-violet)

Interactions where Viola canina is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part		Summary			Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active Taxon Uncertain	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Uncertain	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Indoors etc	Season	Summary
(live)		live is parasitised by pycnium			Puccinia violae	Violet Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/	Puccinia violae	violet rust				pycnium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola canina/	Viola canina	heath dog-violet		live						pycnium parasitises live
leaf		leaf is foodplant of larva			Ametastegia pallipes	a sawfly	Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae	Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (b), Benson, R.B., 1952	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Tenthredinidae/Ametastegia pallipes/	Ametastegia pallipes	a sawfly				larva	Foodplant / feeds on			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola canina/	Viola canina	heath dog-violet			leaf					larva feeds on leaf
leaf		leaf is mined by larva (early)			Pancalia schwarzella	Scarce Violet Cosmet	Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae	A Provisional Atlas of The Leaf Miners of Warwickshire, with notes on others occurring in the Midlands, Robbins, R., 1990	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Cosmopterigidae/Pancalia schwarzella/	Pancalia schwarzella	scarce violet cosmet				larva (early)	Foodplant / miner			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola canina/	Viola canina	heath dog-violet			leaf					larva (early) mines leaf
leaf (fading)		fading leaf is spotted by epiphyllous, numerous, scattered, brownish pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph			Septoria violae	a coelomycete	Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Septoria violae/	Septoria violae	a coelomycete		epiphyllous, numerous, scattered, brownish	pycnidium	Septoria coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola canina/	Viola canina	heath dog-violet		fading	leaf				(8-9)	epiphyllous, numerous, scattered, brownish pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on fading leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is spotted by amphigenous colony of Cercospora dematiaceous anamorph			Cercospora violae	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus	Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Cercospora violae/	Cercospora violae	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus		amphigenous	colony	Cercospora dematiaceous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola canina/	Viola canina	heath dog-violet		live	leaf				(6-7)	amphigenous colony of Cercospora dematiaceous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is spotted by amphigenous, punctiform to dense, greyish white, rarely tinged reddish or reddish brown with age caespituli of Ramularia anamorph			Ramularia lactea	an anamorphic fungus	Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol II, Braun, U., 1998 Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Ramularia lactea/	Ramularia lactea	an anamorphic fungus		amphigenous, punctiform to dense, greyish white, rarely tinged reddish or reddish brown with age	caespituli	Ramularia anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola canina/	Viola canina	heath dog-violet		live	leaf				(9-10)	amphigenous, punctiform to dense, greyish white, rarely tinged reddish or reddish brown with age caespituli of Ramularia anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is galled by hypophyllous telium			Puccinia violae	Violet Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/	Puccinia violae	violet rust		hypophyllous		telium	Foodplant / gall			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola canina/	Viola canina	heath dog-violet		live	leaf					hypophyllous telium causes gall of live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is galled by aecium			Puccinia violae	Violet Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/	Puccinia violae	violet rust				aecium	Foodplant / gall			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola canina/	Viola canina	heath dog-violet		live	leaf					aecium causes gall of live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is parasitised by amphigenous uredium			Puccinia violae	Violet Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/	Puccinia violae	violet rust		amphigenous		uredium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola canina/	Viola canina	heath dog-violet		live	leaf					amphigenous uredium parasitises live leaf
petiole (live)		live petiole is galled by aecium			Puccinia violae	Violet Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/	Puccinia violae	violet rust				aecium	Foodplant / gall			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola canina/	Viola canina	heath dog-violet		live	petiole					aecium causes gall of live petiole
rootstock		rootstock may contain larva (later)			Pancalia schwarzella	Scarce Violet Cosmet	Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae	A Provisional Atlas of The Leaf Miners of Warwickshire, with notes on others occurring in the Midlands, Robbins, R., 1990	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Cosmopterigidae/Pancalia schwarzella/	Pancalia schwarzella	scarce violet cosmet				larva (later)	Foodplant / internal feeder			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola canina/	Viola canina	heath dog-violet			rootstock					larva (later) feeds within rootstock
stem (live)		live stem is galled by aecium			Puccinia violae	Violet Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/	Puccinia violae	violet rust				aecium	Foodplant / gall			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola canina/	Viola canina	heath dog-violet		live	stem					aecium causes gall of live stem
stipule (fading)		fading stipule is spotted by epiphyllous, numerous, scattered, brownish pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph			Septoria violae	a coelomycete	Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Septoria violae/	Septoria violae	a coelomycete		epiphyllous, numerous, scattered, brownish	pycnidium	Septoria coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola canina/	Viola canina	heath dog-violet		fading	stipule				(8-9)	epiphyllous, numerous, scattered, brownish pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on fading stipule

Author & Year	Title	Source
Benson, R.B., 1952	Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (b)	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol VI, Part 2(b), 137pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Braun, U., 1998	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol II	Phytopathogenic Hyphomycetes, 2, 493pp, IHW-Verlag
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants	Collins Photoguide, 2nd edition edition, Collins
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook	2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Grove, W.B., 1935	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia	Vol I, 488pp, Cambridge University Press
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota	517pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Robbins, R., 1990	A Provisional Atlas of The Leaf Miners of Warwickshire, with notes on others occurring in the Midlands	Benchmark Atlas Series, 1991? edition, 181pp, Warwickshire Museum Service
Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls	95pp, British Plant Gall Society (BPGS)

Viola canina (Heath Dog-violet) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Viola
(violets, pansies)

EU-DICOTS
(dicotyledonous flowering plants)

MAGNOLIOPSIDA
(flowering plants)

TRACHEOPHYTA
(vascular plants)

PLANTAE
(plants)

Herbaceous Plants
(herbaceous plants)

Subtaxon				Rank	Featured subtaxa	No of interactions	No of references
Viola canina ssp canina Heath Dog-violet				Subspecies		1 trophisms

Taxonomic hierarchy:

Species	Viola canina (Heath Dog-violet)
Genus	Viola (violets, pansies)
Family	VIOLACEAE (violets, pansies)
Order	MALPIGHIALES (poplars, willows, St John’s worts, spurges and violets)
Subclass	EU-DICOTS (dicotyledonous flowering plants)
Class	MAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants)
Phylum	TRACHEOPHYTA (vascular plants)
Kingdom	PLANTAE (plants)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

Viola canina is also a member of:
Herbaceous Plants - herbaceous plants (via Violaceae)

NBN

NBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Viola canina (Heath Dog-violet)

Viola canina (Heath Dog-violet) may be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

Viola
(violets, pansies)

VIOLACEAE
(violets, pansies)

MAGNOLIOPSIDA
(flowering plants)

TRACHEOPHYTA
(vascular plants)

PLANTAE
(plants)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may be relevant to Viola canina (Heath Dog-violet):

Viola
(violets, pansies)

VIOLACEAE
(violets, pansies)

MAGNOLIOPSIDA
(flowering plants)

TRACHEOPHYTA
(vascular plants)

PLANTAE
(plants)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

BioImages

BioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 8 images of Viola canina (Heath Dog-violet)

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