Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.
(Spear Thistle)

Interactions where Cirsium vulgare is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season Summary
is foodplant of larva Larinus carlinae a weevil Coleoptera: Curculionidae Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Larinus carlinae/Larinus carlinaea weevillarva Foodplant / feeds on /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistle larva feeds on
is foodplant of larva Rhinocyllus conicus a weevil Coleoptera: Curculionidae Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Rhinocyllus conicus/Rhinocyllus conicusa weevillarva Foodplant / feeds on /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistle larva feeds on
is foodplant of larva UK/Ireland Terellia serratulae a gall fly Diptera: Tephritidae Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Terellia serratulae/Terellia serratulaea gall flylarva Foodplant / feeds onUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistle larva feeds on
is parasitised by UK/Ireland Erysiphe mayorii a powdery mildew Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews, Ing, B., 1990
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Erysiphales/Erysiphaceae/Erysiphe mayorii/Erysiphe mayoriia powdery mildew Foodplant / parasiteUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistle parasitises
(live) live is parasitised by sporangium UK/IrelandRare Bremia lactucae s. lat. Lettuce Downy Mildew Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae A Checklist of the Downy Mildews (Peronosporaceae) of the British Isles, Preece, T.F., 2002
/Chromista/Oomycota/Peronosporea/Peronosporales/Peronosporaceae/Bremia lactucae s. lat./Bremia lactucae s. lat.lettuce downy mildewsporangium Foodplant / parasiteUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistleliveRare sporangium parasitises live
(live) live is parasitised by UK/IrelandMajor Golovinomyces cichoracearum a powdery mildew Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews, Ing, B., 1990
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Erysiphales/Erysiphaceae/Golovinomyces cichoracearum/Golovinomyces cichoracearuma powdery mildew Foodplant / parasiteUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistleliveMajor parasitises live
(live) live is parasitised by pycnium Major Puccinia cnici a rust fungus Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia cnici/Puccinia cnicia rust funguspycnium Foodplant / parasite /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistleliveMajor pycnium parasitises live
(live) live is parasitised by aecium Major Puccinia cnici a rust fungus Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia cnici/Puccinia cnicia rust fungusaecium Foodplant / parasite /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistleliveMajor aecium parasitises live
achene achene is galled by larva UK/IrelandMajor Urophora stylata Spear-thistle Gall-fly Diptera: Tephritidae Plant Galls, Redfern, M. & Askew, R.R., 1992
Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Urophora stylata/Urophora stylataspear-thistle gall-flylarva Foodplant / gallUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistleacheneMajor (-9)larva causes gall of achene
capitulum capitulum may contain larva ForeignQuestionable Chaetostomella cylindrica a gall fly Diptera: Tephritidae Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Chaetostomella cylindrica/Chaetostomella cylindricaa gall flylarva Foodplant / internal feederForeign /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistle?capitulum larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum capitulum may contain larva Foreign Ensina sonchi Sow-thistle Fly Diptera: Tephritidae Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Ensina sonchi/Ensina sonchisow-thistle flylarva Foodplant / internal feederForeign /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistlecapitulum larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum capitulum may contain larva Foreign Tephritis cometa Rayed Thistle Fly Diptera: Tephritidae Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Tephritis cometa/Tephritis cometarayed thistle flylarva Foodplant / internal feederForeign /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistlecapitulum larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum capitulum may contain larva ForeignQuestionable Tephritis conura Melancholy Thistle Fly Diptera: Tephritidae Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Tephritis conura/Tephritis conuramelancholy thistle flylarva Foodplant / internal feederForeign /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistle?capitulum larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum capitulum may contain larva UK/IrelandRare Terellia tussilaginis Banded Burdock Fly Diptera: Tephritidae Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Terellia tussilaginis/Terellia tussilaginisbanded burdock flylarva Foodplant / internal feederUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistlecapitulumRare larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum capitulum may contain larva Foreign Xyphosia miliaria Mottled Thistle Fly Diptera: Tephritidae Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Xyphosia miliaria/Xyphosia miliariamottled thistle flylarva Foodplant / internal feederForeign /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistlecapitulum larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum (live) live capitulum may contain larva ForeignQuestionable Acanthiophilus helianthi Knapweed Ghost Diptera: Tephritidae Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Acanthiophilus helianthi/Acanthiophilus helianthiknapweed ghostlarva Foodplant / internal feederForeign /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistle?livecapitulum larva feeds within live capitulum
involucre involucre has sap sucked by nymph Tingis cardui Spear Thistle Lacebug Hemiptera: Tingidae The Natural History of Spear Thistle-heads, Redfern, M., 1968
Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Tingidae/Tingis (Tingis) cardui/Tingis (Tingis) carduispear thistle lacebugnymph Foodplant / sap sucker /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistleinvolucre (7-10)nymph sucks sap of involucre
involucre involucre has sap sucked by adult Tingis cardui Spear Thistle Lacebug Hemiptera: Tingidae The Natural History of Spear Thistle-heads, Redfern, M., 1968
Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Tingidae/Tingis (Tingis) cardui/Tingis (Tingis) carduispear thistle lacebugadult Foodplant / sap sucker /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistleinvolucre (8-7)adult sucks sap of involucre
leaf (upper surface) (windowed) windowed leaf (upper surface) is grazed by hidden under carried excrement larva Lema cyanella a leaf beetle Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Atlas of the Seed and Leaf Beetles of Britain and Ireland, Cox, M.L., 2007
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Chrysomelidae/Lema cyanella/Lema cyanellaa leaf beetlehidden under carried excrementlarva Foodplant / open feeder /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistlewindowedleaf (upper surface) hidden under carried excrement larva grazes on windowed leaf (upper surface)
leaf-mine leaf-mine may house puparium Chromatomyia autumnalis a leaf-mining fly Diptera: Agromyzidae Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Chromatomyia autumnalis/Chromatomyia autumnalisa leaf-mining flypuparium Plant / resting place / within /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistleleaf-mine puparium may be found in leaf-mine
leaf leaf is grazed by adult Lema cyanella a leaf beetle Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Atlas of the Seed and Leaf Beetles of Britain and Ireland, Cox, M.L., 2007
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Chrysomelidae/Lema cyanella/Lema cyanellaa leaf beetleadult Foodplant / open feeder /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistleleaf (1-12)adult grazes on leaf
leaf leaf is mined by larva Chromatomyia autumnalis a leaf-mining fly Diptera: Agromyzidae Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Chromatomyia autumnalis/Chromatomyia autumnalisa leaf-mining flylarva Foodplant / miner /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistleleaf larva mines leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is spotted by amphigenous colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph Foreign Ramularia cynarae emend U. Braun an anamorphic fungus Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol II, Braun, U., 1998
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Ramularia cynarae emend U. Braun/Ramularia cynarae emend U. Braunan anamorphic fungusamphigenouscolonyRamularia hyphomycetous anamorph Foodplant / spot causerForeign /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistleliveleaf amphigenous colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is parasitised by amphigenous uredium Major Puccinia cnici a rust fungus Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia cnici/Puccinia cnicia rust fungusamphigenousuredium Foodplant / parasite /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistleliveleafMajor amphigenous uredium parasitises live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is parasitised by amphigenous telium Major Puccinia cnici a rust fungus Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia cnici/Puccinia cnicia rust fungusamphigenoustelium Foodplant / parasite /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistleliveleafMajor amphigenous telium parasitises live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is parasitised by amphigenous telium UK/IrelandMinor Puccinia cnici-oleracei Yarrow Rust Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia cnici-oleracei/Puccinia cnici-oleraceiyarrow rustamphigenoustelium Foodplant / parasiteUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistleliveleafMinor (7-11)amphigenous telium parasitises live leaf
receptacle receptacle is galled by larva UK/IrelandMajor Urophora stylata Spear-thistle Gall-fly Diptera: Tephritidae Plant Galls, Redfern, M. & Askew, R.R., 1992
Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Urophora stylata/Urophora stylataspear-thistle gall-flylarva Foodplant / gallUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistlereceptacleMajor (-9)larva causes gall of receptacle
root (after stem) root (after stem) of multi-stemmed plant may contain larva Cheilosia grossa a hoverfly Diptera: Syrphidae Recording Cheilosia albipila and C. grossa by searching for larvae in thistles, Ball, S., Morris, R. & Stubbs, A., 2008
Colour Guide to Hoverfly Larvae (Diptera, Syrphidae) in Britain and Europe, Rotheray, G.E., 1993
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Syrphidae/Cheilosia grossa/Cheilosia grossaa hoverflylarva Foodplant / internal feeder /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistleroot (after stem)multi-stemmed plant (6-7)larva feeds within root (after stem) of multi-stemmed plant
stem (then root) stem (then root) of multi-stemmed plant may contain larva Cheilosia grossa a hoverfly Diptera: Syrphidae Recording Cheilosia albipila and C. grossa by searching for larvae in thistles, Ball, S., Morris, R. & Stubbs, A., 2008
Colour Guide to Hoverfly Larvae (Diptera, Syrphidae) in Britain and Europe, Rotheray, G.E., 1993
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Syrphidae/Cheilosia grossa/Cheilosia grossaa hoverflylarva Foodplant / internal feeder /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistlestem (then root)multi-stemmed plant (6-7)larva feeds within stem (then root) of multi-stemmed plant
stem? stem? may contain larva Major Ceratapion carduorum a seed weevil Coleoptera: Apionidae Orthocerous Weevils, Morris, M.G., 1990
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Apionidae/Ceratapion carduorum/Ceratapion carduoruma seed weevillarva Foodplant / internal feeder /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistlestem?Major larva feeds within stem?
stem (dead, red stained (epidermis)) dead, red stained (epidermis) stem is decayed by immersed pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph Phoma rubella a coelomycete Pleosporales Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Phoma rubella/Phoma rubellaa coelomyceteimmersedpycnidiumPhoma coelomycetous anamorph Foodplant / saprobe /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistledead, red stained (epidermis)stem (4-5)immersed pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on dead, red stained (epidermis) stem
stem (dead) dead stem is decayed by partly immersed pseudothecium Leptosphaeria purpurea an ascomycete Pleosporales: Leptosphaeriaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Leptosphaeriaceae/Leptosphaeria purpurea/Leptosphaeria purpureaan ascomycetepartly immersedpseudothecium Foodplant / saprobe /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistledeadstem (6-7)partly immersed pseudothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead) dead stem is decayed by immersed pseudothecium Paraleptosphaeria macrospora an ascomycete Pleosporales: Leptosphaeriaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Leptosphaeriaceae/Paraleptosphaeria macrospora/Paraleptosphaeria macrosporaan ascomyceteimmersedpseudothecium Foodplant / saprobe /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistledeadstem (4-6)immersed pseudothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead) dead stem is decayed by immersed pseudothecium Nodulosphaeria dolioloides an ascomycete Pleosporales: Phaeosphaeriaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Phaeosphaeriaceae/Nodulosphaeria dolioloides/Nodulosphaeria dolioloidesan ascomyceteimmersedpseudothecium Foodplant / saprobe /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistledeadstem immersed pseudothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead) dead stem is decayed by immersed pseudothecium Major Ophiobolus acuminatus an ascomycete Pleosporales: Phaeosphaeriaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Phaeosphaeriaceae/Ophiobolus acuminatus/Ophiobolus acuminatusan ascomyceteimmersedpseudothecium Foodplant / saprobe /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium vulgare/Cirsium vulgarespear thistledeadstemMajor (3-6)immersed pseudothecium is saprobic on dead stem

Author & YearTitleSource
Ball, S., Morris, R. & Stubbs, A., 2008Recording Cheilosia albipila and C. grossa by searching for larvae in thistles
Braun, U., 1998Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol IIPhytopathogenic Hyphomycetes, 2, 493pp, IHW-Verlag
Bullock, J.A., 1992Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations11a, 24pp, Amateur Entomologists’ Society
Cox, M.L., 2007Atlas of the Seed and Leaf Beetles of Britain and Ireland336pp, Pisces Publications
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Ing, B., 1990An Introduction to British Powdery MildewsMycologist Vol 4 (1) et seq.
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota517pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Morris, M.G., 1990Orthocerous WeevilsHandbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 5 Part 16, 108pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Preece, T.F., 2002A Checklist of the Downy Mildews (Peronosporaceae) of the British Isles33pp, British Mycological Society
Redfern, M. & Askew, R.R., 1992Plant GallsNaturalists’ Handbooks, No 17, 99pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Redfern, M., 1968The Natural History of Spear Thistle-headsField Studies Vol 2, No 5: 669-717.
Rotheray, G.E., 1993Colour Guide to Hoverfly Larvae (Diptera, Syrphidae) in Britain and EuropeDiperists Digest Dipterists Digest No. 9.
Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959Land and Water Bugs of the British IslesWayside & Woodland Series, 1959 edition, 436pp, Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd.
Spencer, K.A., 1972Diptera: AgromyzidaeHandbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol X. Part 5(g), 136pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
White, I.M., 1988Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol 10. Part 5a, 134pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London

Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Taxonomic hierarchy:
SpeciesCirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle)
GenusCirsium (thistle)
TribeCardueae (“thistles”)
SubfamilyLACTUCOIDEAE (“dandelions”)
FamilyASTERACEAE (daisies, dandelions and thistles, composite)
OrderASTERALES (daisies, dandelions, thistles and bell flowers)
SubclassEU-DICOTS (dicotyledonous flowering plants)
ClassMAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants)
PhylumTRACHEOPHYTA (vascular plants)
KingdomPLANTAE (plants)
DomainEukaryota (eukaryotes)
LifeBIOTA (living things)
NBNNBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle)

Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle) may be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

General Works

AuthorYearTitleSource
Redfern, M. 1968 The Natural History of Spear Thistle-heads Field Studies Vol 2, No 5: 669-717.

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may also be relevant to Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle):

BioImagesBioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 21 images of Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle)
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