LEPIDOPTERA
(butterflies and moths)

Interactions where LEPIDOPTERA is the dominant partner and gains from the process

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Stage Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season
adult adult pollinates or fertilises flower Anacamptis pyramidalis Pyramidal Orchid Asparagales: Orchidaceae Orchids of Britain & Ireland: a field and site guide, Harrap, A. & S., 2009
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothsadult Plant / pollinated /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asparagales/Orchidaceae/Anacamptis pyramidalis/Anacamptis pyramidalispyramidal orchidflower

Interactions where LEPIDOPTERA is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season Summary
caterpillar may be infected by Bacillus thuringiensis BT Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998
/Firmicutes/Bacilli/Bacillus thuringiensis/Bacillus thuringiensisBT Animal / pathogen /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothscaterpillar infects caterpillar
is endoparasitised by larva Minor Pollenia clusterflies Diptera: Polleniidae Diptera: Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata (I) Sect (a) Tachinidae and Calliphoridae, van Emden, F.I.,, 1954
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Polleniidae/Pollenia/Polleniaclusterflieslarva Animal / parasite / endoparasite /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothsMinor larva endoparasitises
is endoparasitised by larva Sarcophaga albiceps a flesh fly Diptera: Sarcophagidae Diptera: Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata (I) Sect (a) Tachinidae and Calliphoridae, van Emden, F.I.,, 1954
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Sarcophagidae/Sarcophaga albiceps/Sarcophaga albicepsa flesh flylarva Animal / parasite / endoparasite /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and moths larva endoparasitises
is endoparasitised by larva Minor Sarcophaga jacobsoni a flesh fly Diptera: Sarcophagidae Diptera: Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata (I) Sect (a) Tachinidae and Calliphoridae, van Emden, F.I.,, 1954
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Sarcophagidae/Sarcophaga jacobsoni/Sarcophaga jacobsonia flesh flylarva Animal / parasite / endoparasite /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothsMinor larva endoparasitises
larva is endoparasitoid host of larva ForeignMajor Blondelia nigripes a parasitoid fly Diptera: Tachinidae Tachinid Flies (Diptera: Tachinidae), Belshaw, R., 1993
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tachinidae/Blondelia nigripes/Blondelia nigripesa parasitoid flylarva Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoidForeign /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothslarvaMajor larva is endoparasitoid of larva
larva is taken to the nest of female UK/Ireland Ammophila pubescens Heath Sand Wasp Hymenoptera: Sphecidae Forage, prey and host-parasite relationships of aculeates, Macdonald, M.A., 2007
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Sphecidae/Ammophila pubescens/Ammophila pubescensheath sand waspfemale Animal / predator / stocks nest withUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothslarva female stocks nest with larva
larva is taken to the nest of female UK/Ireland Podalonia affinis Mud Wasp Hymenoptera: Sphecidae Forage, prey and host-parasite relationships of aculeates, Macdonald, M.A., 2007
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Sphecidae/Podalonia affinis/Podalonia affinismud waspfemale Animal / predator / stocks nest withUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothslarva female stocks nest with larva
larva is taken to the nest of female UK/Ireland Podalonia hirsuta Hairy Sand Wasp Hymenoptera: Sphecidae Forage, prey and host-parasite relationships of aculeates, Macdonald, M.A., 2007
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Sphecidae/Podalonia hirsuta/Podalonia hirsutahairy sand waspfemale Animal / predator / stocks nest withUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothslarva female stocks nest with larva
larva is taken to the nest of female UK/Ireland Bethylus cephalotes a bethylid wasp Hymenoptera: Bethylidae Forage, prey and host-parasite relationships of aculeates, Macdonald, M.A., 2007
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Bethylidae/Bethylus cephalotes/Bethylus cephalotesa bethylid waspfemale Animal / predator / stocks nest withUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothslarva female stocks nest with larva
larva is taken to the nest of female UK/Ireland Ancistrocerus gazella a potter wasp or mason wasp Hymenoptera: Vespidae Forage, prey and host-parasite relationships of aculeates, Macdonald, M.A., 2007
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Vespidae/Ancistrocerus gazella/Ancistrocerus gazellaa potter wasp or mason waspfemale Animal / predator / stocks nest withUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothslarva female stocks nest with larva
larva is taken to the nest of female UK/Ireland Ancistrocerus trifasciatus a potter wasp or mason wasp Hymenoptera: Vespidae Forage, prey and host-parasite relationships of aculeates, Macdonald, M.A., 2007
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Vespidae/Ancistrocerus trifasciatus/Ancistrocerus trifasciatusa potter wasp or mason waspfemale Animal / predator / stocks nest withUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothslarva female stocks nest with larva
larva is taken to the nest of female UK/Ireland Microdynerus exilis a potter wasp or mason wasp Hymenoptera: Vespidae Forage, prey and host-parasite relationships of aculeates, Macdonald, M.A., 2007
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Vespidae/Microdynerus exilis/Microdynerus exilisa potter wasp or mason waspfemale Animal / predator / stocks nest withUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothslarva female stocks nest with larva
larva is taken to the nest of female UK/Ireland Odynerus spinipes Spiny Mason Wasp Hymenoptera: Vespidae Forage, prey and host-parasite relationships of aculeates, Macdonald, M.A., 2007
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Vespidae/Odynerus spinipes/Odynerus spinipesspiny mason waspfemale Animal / predator / stocks nest withUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothslarva female stocks nest with larva
larva is taken to the nest of female UK/Ireland Symmorphus bifasciatus a potter wasp or mason wasp Hymenoptera: Vespidae Forage, prey and host-parasite relationships of aculeates, Macdonald, M.A., 2007
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Vespidae/Symmorphus bifasciatus/Symmorphus bifasciatusa potter wasp or mason waspfemale Animal / predator / stocks nest withUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothslarva female stocks nest with larva
egg is endoparasitoid host of solitary larva Restricted Trichogramma brassicae a chalcid wasp Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Trichogrammatidae/Trichogramma brassicae/Trichogramma brassicaea chalcid waspsolitarylarva Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothseggSole solitary larva is endoparasitoid of egg
caterpillar is predated by Himacerus apterus Tree Damsel Bug Hemiptera: Nabidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Nabidae/Himacerus (Himacerus) apterus/Himacerus (Himacerus) apterustree damsel bug Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothscaterpillar is predator of caterpillar
caterpillar is predated by Nabis ferus Field Damsel Bug Hemiptera: Nabidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Nabidae/Nabis (Nabis) ferus/Nabis (Nabis) ferusfield damsel bug Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothscaterpillar is predator of caterpillar
egg is predated by adult UK/Ireland Orthotylus tenellus a plantbug or grassbug Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Orthotylus (Orthotylus) tenellus/Orthotylus (Orthotylus) tenellusa plantbug or grassbugadult Animal / predatorUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothsegg adult is predator of egg
larva (young) is predated by adult UK/Ireland Orthotylus tenellus a plantbug or grassbug Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Orthotylus (Orthotylus) tenellus/Orthotylus (Orthotylus) tenellusa plantbug or grassbugadult Animal / predatorUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothslarva (young) adult is predator of larva (young)
larva (young) is predated by nymph UK/Ireland Orthotylus tenellus a plantbug or grassbug Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Orthotylus (Orthotylus) tenellus/Orthotylus (Orthotylus) tenellusa plantbug or grassbugnymph Animal / predatorUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothslarva (young) nymph is predator of larva (young)
egg is predated by nymph UK/Ireland Orthotylus tenellus a plantbug or grassbug Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Orthotylus (Orthotylus) tenellus/Orthotylus (Orthotylus) tenellusa plantbug or grassbugnymph Animal / predatorUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothsegg nymph is predator of egg
caterpillar is predated by solitary nymph (3rd instar onwards) Major Picromerus bidens Spined Shieldbug, Spiked Shieldbug Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Pentatomidae/Picromerus bidens/Picromerus bidensspined shieldbug, spiked shieldbugsolitarynymph (3rd instar onwards) Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothscaterpillarMajor solitary nymph (3rd instar onwards) is predator of caterpillar
caterpillar is predated by adult Major Picromerus bidens Spined Shieldbug, Spiked Shieldbug Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Pentatomidae/Picromerus bidens/Picromerus bidensspined shieldbug, spiked shieldbugadult Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothscaterpillarMajor adult is predator of caterpillar
caterpillar is predated by nymph UK/Ireland Troilus luridus Bronze Shieldbug Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Some foods of Heteroptera larvae in the wild, Hawkins, R.D., 1985
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Pentatomidae/Troilus luridus/Troilus luridusbronze shieldbugnymph Animal / predatorUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothscaterpillar nymph is predator of caterpillar
caterpillar is predated by adult Troilus luridus Bronze Shieldbug Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Pentatomidae/Troilus luridus/Troilus luridusbronze shieldbugadult Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothscaterpillar adult is predator of caterpillar
adult is predated by adult Troilus luridus Bronze Shieldbug Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Pentatomidae/Troilus luridus/Troilus luridusbronze shieldbugadult Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothsadult adult is predator of adult
caterpillar is predated by adult Pentatoma rufipes Forest Bug, Red-legged Shield Bug Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Pentatomidae/Pentatoma rufipes/Pentatoma rufipesforest bug, red-legged shield bugadult Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothscaterpillar adult is predator of caterpillar
leaf-spinnings may attract colony Chaitophorus tremulae a hairy aphid Hemiptera: Aphididae Homoptera - Aphidoidea (Part): Chaitophoridae & Callaphididae, Stroyan, H.L.G., 1977
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Aphididae/Chaitophorus tremulae/Chaitophorus tremulaea hairy aphidcolony Animal / associate /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothsleaf-spinnings colony is associated with leaf-spinnings
is parasitised by Akanthomyces anamorph UK/Ireland Akanthomyces aculeatus an anamorphic fungus Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Cordycipitaceae/Akanthomyces aculeatus/Akanthomyces aculeatusan anamorphic fungusAkanthomyces anamorph Animal / parasiteUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and moths Akanthomyces anamorph parasitises
pupa is parasitoid host of gregarious stroma Cordyceps tuberculata Dwarf Caterpillarclub Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae British Ascomycetes, Dennis, R.W.G., 1978
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Cordycipitaceae/Cordyceps tuberculata/Cordyceps tuberculatadwarf caterpillarclubgregariousstroma Animal / parasitoid /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothspupa gregarious stroma is parasitoid of pupa
imago is parasitoid host of gregarious stroma Cordyceps tuberculata Dwarf Caterpillarclub Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae British Ascomycetes, Dennis, R.W.G., 1978
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Cordycipitaceae/Cordyceps tuberculata/Cordyceps tuberculatadwarf caterpillarclubgregariousstroma Animal / parasitoid /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothsimago gregarious stroma is parasitoid of imago
adult is predated by leaf Minor Pinguicula vulgaris Common Butterwort Lamiales: Lentibulariaceae Insectivorous Plants, Darwin, C., 1875
/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Lentibulariaceae/Pinguicula vulgaris/Pinguicula vulgariscommon butterwortleaf Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothsadultMinor leaf is predator of adult
(buried (usually)) buried (usually) pupa is parasitoid host of solitary (usually) stroma Cordyceps militaris Scarlet Caterpillarclub, Scarlet Caterpillar Fungus Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae British Ascomycetes, Dennis, R.W.G., 1978
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Cordycipitaceae/Cordyceps militaris/Cordyceps militarisscarlet caterpillarclub, scarlet caterpillar fungussolitary (usually)stroma Animal / parasitoid /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothsburied (usually)pupa solitary (usually) stroma is parasitoid of buried (usually) pupa
(buried (usually)) buried (usually) larva is parasitoid host of solitary (usually) stroma Cordyceps militaris Scarlet Caterpillarclub, Scarlet Caterpillar Fungus Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae British Ascomycetes, Dennis, R.W.G., 1978
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Cordycipitaceae/Cordyceps militaris/Cordyceps militarisscarlet caterpillarclub, scarlet caterpillar fungussolitary (usually)stroma Animal / parasitoid /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothsburied (usually)larva solitary (usually) stroma is parasitoid of buried (usually) larva
(buried) buried larva is parasitoid host of solitary (usually) stroma UK/Ireland Ophiocordyceps gracilis an ascomycete Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae British Ascomycetes, Dennis, R.W.G., 1978
Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Ophiocordycipitaceae/Ophiocordyceps gracilis/Ophiocordyceps gracilisan ascomycetesolitary (usually)stroma Animal / parasitoidUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothsburiedlarva solitary (usually) stroma is parasitoid of buried larva
(live) live adult may be infected by Conidiobolus thromboides an entomophagous fungus Entomophthorales: Ancylistaceae Key to the Species of Entomophthora sensu lato, Waterhouse, G.M. & Brady, B.L., 1982
/Fungi/Zygomycota/Zygomycetes/Entomophthorales/Ancylistaceae/Conidiobolus thromboides/Conidiobolus thromboidesan entomophagous fungus Animal / pathogen /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothsliveadult infects live adult
(live) live larva may be infected by Erynia radicans an entomophagous fungus Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae Key to the Species of Entomophthora sensu lato, Waterhouse, G.M. & Brady, B.L., 1982
/Fungi/Zygomycota/Zygomycetes/Entomophthorales/Entomophthoraceae/Erynia radicans/Erynia radicansan entomophagous fungus Animal / pathogen /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothslivelarva infects live larva
adult (live) live adult may be infected by Entomophaga aulicae an entomophagous fungus Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae Key to the Species of Entomophthora sensu lato, Waterhouse, G.M. & Brady, B.L., 1982
/Fungi/Zygomycota/Zygomycetes/Entomophthorales/Entomophthoraceae/Entomophaga aulicae/Entomophaga aulicaean entomophagous fungus Animal / pathogen /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothsliveadult infects live adult
frass frass of caterpillar dung may support colony of Clonostachys anamorph UK/Ireland Clonostachys simmonsii an anamorphic fungus Hypocreales: Bionectriaceae Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Bionectriaceae/Clonostachys simmonsii/Clonostachys simmonsiian anamorphic funguscolonyClonostachys anamorph Animal / dung / saprobeUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Lepidopterabutterflies and mothsfrasscaterpillar colony of Clonostachys anamorph is saprobic in/on dung or excretions of frass of caterpillar

Author & YearTitleSource
Belshaw, R., 1993Tachinid Flies (Diptera: Tachinidae)Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 10, Part 4a(i), 169pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden PlantsCollins Photoguide, 2nd edition edition, Collins
Darwin, C., 1875Insectivorous Plants463pp
Dennis, R.W.G., 1978British AscomycetesRevised and enlarged edition, 585pp, J. Cramer
Dennis, R.W.G., 1995Fungi of the South East England383pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Harrap, A. & S., 2009Orchids of Britain & Ireland: a field and site guide2nd edition, 480pp, A&C Black Publishers Ltd
Hawkins, R.D., 1985Some foods of Heteroptera larvae in the wildHet News No 6: 3.
Macdonald, M.A., 2007Forage, prey and host-parasite relationships of aculeates
Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959Land and Water Bugs of the British IslesWayside & Woodland Series, 1959 edition, 436pp, Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd.
Stroyan, H.L.G., 1977Homoptera - Aphidoidea (Part): Chaitophoridae & CallaphididaeHandbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 2, Part 4(a), 130pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
van Emden, F.I.,, 1954Diptera: Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata (I) Sect (a) Tachinidae and CalliphoridaeHandbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol X. Part 4(a), 133pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Waterhouse, G.M. & Brady, B.L., 1982Key to the Species of Entomophthora sensu latoBull. Br. mycol Soc. 16, 113-143, 1982 Bull. Br. mycol. Soc. 16 (2): 113-143.

LEPIDOPTERA (butterflies and moths) may also be included in 'feeds on' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

LEPIDOPTERA (butterflies and moths) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Subtaxon Rank Featured
subtaxa
No of
interactions
No of
references
Family 1 references
Subfamily 1 references
Family 1 references
Suborder 545 subtaxa 1,161 trophisms 497 references
Subfamily 1 references
Family 1 references
Suborder 1 subtaxa 7 references
Superfamily 2 references
Family 1 references
Suborder 1 subtaxa 1 references
Informal 87 subtaxa 179 trophisms 67 references
Informal 572 subtaxa 1,175 trophisms 418 references
Taxonomic hierarchy:
OrderLEPIDOPTERA (butterflies and moths)
Division Endopterygota (bees, beetles, flies, moths and other insects with wings developing internally)
InfraclassNeoptera (bees, beetles, flies, grasshoppers, moths and other advanced insects)
SubclassPTERYGOTA (bees, beetles, dragonflies, flies, grasshoppers, moths and other winged insects)
ClassINSECTA (true insects)
SubphylumHEXAPODA (insects and other 6-legged organisms)
PhylumARTHROPODA (arthropods)
SuperphylumECDYSOZOA (skin shedders)
CladeBilateria (bilaterally symmetrical animals)
SubkingdomEUMETAZOA (metazoans)
KingdomANIMALIA (animals)
DomainEukaryota (eukaryotes)
LifeBIOTA (living things)
NBNNBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for LEPIDOPTERA (butterflies and moths)

Identification Works

Handling & MagnificationAuthorYearTitleSource
Anon. Insects & Spiders from Finland www.kolumbus.fi/hannu.j.tanner/coleoptera/
Anon. Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa www.leps.it/
Anon. What’s Flying tonight? www.suffolkmoths.org.uk/cgi-bin/flyingTonight.cgi
Anon Northumberland Moths: id tips www.northumberlandmoths.org.uk/idtips.php
Davis, B.N.K. 1991 Insects on Nettles Naturalists' Handbooks, 1, 2 edition, 68pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
() Emmet, A.M., Langmaid, J. & Heath J. 1983 Micropterigidae to Heliozelidae (vol 1) The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol 1, 343pp, Harley Books
Gustafsson, B. Svenska fjärilar www2.nrm.se/en/svenska_fjarilar/svenska_fjarilar.html
Higgott, J. UK Lepidoptera jeffhiggott.topcities.com/lepidoptera/lepidoptera.html
Kimber, I. UK Moths ukmoths.org.uk
Lewis, C. British Lepidoptera britishlepidoptera.weebly.com/
() Meyrick, E. 1927 *** A Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera ***(Superseded) E. W. Classey
Nippe, B 2000 Atlas der Raupen europäischer und kleinasiatischer Schmetterlinge 96pp, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil
Rackham, B. & T. Moth ids: Identifying common species using photos and simple observation of the adult moths www.bettonyb.co.uk/picture_lists.html
Savela, M. Lepidoptera and some other life forms www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/intro.html
South, R. 1961 *** The Moths of the British Isles ***(Superseded) Wayside and Woodland Series, 2 volumes, 427 & 379pp, Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd.
Unger, M. Moths and butterflies of Sweden www.lepidoptera.se/en
Whitfield, J.B. & Wagner, D.L. 1991 Annotated key to the genera of Braconidae (Hymenoptera) attacking leafmining Lepidoptera in the Holarctic Region Journal of Natural History Vol 25: 733-754.
Wuilbaut, J.J. Cercle de Mycologie de Mons (Belgique): (Page perso de JJ. Wuilbaut) users.skynet.be/jjw.myco.mons

Caterpillars

Anon Illustrated Guide to British Caterpillars www.wildlifeinsight.com/guide-to-british-caterpillars/
Buckler, W. 1899 The larvae of the British butterflies and moths 9 volumes, The Ray Society, London
Fry, R. Eggs, Larvae and Pupae of Butterflies and Moths www.ukleps.org
Silvonen, K. Larvae of North-European Lepidoptera www.kolumbus.fi/silvonen/lnel/species.htm

Conifer Feeders

Clifton, J. & Wheeler, J. 2012 Conifer Moths of the British Isles: a Field Guide to Coniferous-feeding Lepidoptera Clifton & Wheeler

Flying Tonight

Anon. Fliyng tonight? www.norfolkmoths.co.uk/micros.php?flightarrivals=yes&showthumbs=yes&listmonth
Prichard, T. What’s flying tonight? www.suffolkmoths.org.uk/flyingTonight.html

Host Plants

() Kirk, W.D.J. 1992 Insects on Cabbages and Oilseed Rape Naturalists' Handbooks, 18, 66pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd

Larval Foodplants

Northumberland Moths Find moths by larval food plants www.northumberlandmoths.org.uk/foodsearch.php

Microscopy

Goodey, B. The Dissection Group www.dissectiongroup.co.uk

On Cherry Trees

Leather, S.R. & Bland, K.P. 1999 Insects on cherry trees 82pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd

On Docks

Salt, D.T. & Whittaker, J.B. 1998 Insects on dock plants 56pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd

On Thistles

Redfern, M. 1995 Insects and Thistles Naturalists' Handbooks, No 4, Second (revised) edition, 70pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd

Plant Galls

() Redfern, M. & Shirley, P. 2011 British Plant Galls AIDGAP Keys, Second edition, 432pp, Field Studies Council
() Redfern, M. & Shirley, P. 2002 *** British Plant Galls - Identification of galls on plants and fungi ***(Superseded) AIDGAP Keys, 325pp, Field Studies Council
() Stubbs, F.B. (Editor) 1986 *** Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls ***(Superseded) 95pp, British Plant Gall Society (BPGS)

Pupae

Patocka, J. & Turcani, M. 2005 Lepidoptera Pupae: Central European Species 863pp, Apollo Books

Stored Product Pests

Mound, L. (ed) 1989 Common Insects of Stored Products: a guide to their identification Economic Series, No 15, Seventh Edition edition, 68pp, British Museum (Natural History)

LEPIDOPTERA (butterflies and moths) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

General Works

AuthorYearTitleSource
Anon. UK Leps discussion group
Anon. UK Moths discussion group
Anon. Moths Ireland
Anon. Breeding UK Leps discussion group
Friedrich, E. (translated by S. Whitbread) 1986 Breeding Butterflies and Moths - a handbook for British and European species. 176pp, Harley Books
Fry, R. Caterpillar: external structures www.ukleps.org/Webpics/Wp4.jpg
Mappes, J., Kokko, H., Ojala, K. & Lindstrom, L. 2014 Seasonal changes in predator community switch the direction of selection for prey defences Nature Communications Vol 5.
May, P. & White, M. 2006 Preparing and maintaining a collection of Butterflies and Moths 21pp, Amateur Entomologists’ Society
Sokoloff, P. 1980 Practical Hints for Collecting and Studying the Microlepidotera Amateur Entomologist, Vol No 16, 40pp, Amateur Entomologists’ Society

Dead Wood

Alexander, K.N.A. 2002 The Invertebrates of Living and Decaying Timber in Britain and Ireland - a Provisional Annotated Checklist Research Reports, Report no 467, 142pp, English Nature

Food Plants

Winter, T.G. 1974 New host records of Lepidoptera associated with afforestation in Britain Ent. Gazette 25: 247-258.

Journals

Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera

Microscopy

Clifton, J. Moth Dissection Guide http://www.angleps.com/Dissection%20Guide.pdf
Cribb, P.W. 1972 An Amateur’s Guide to the Study of the Genitalia of Lepidoptera AES Leaflet, No. 34, 16pp, Amateur Entomologists’ Society

Migrants

Nash, S. Migrant Recorders Network discussion group

Parasitology

Hammond, H.E. & Smith, K.G.V. 1957 On some parasitic Diptera and Hymenoptera bred from lepidopterous hosts. Part 3: records of Tachinidae (Dipt.), Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Encyrtidae, Pteromalidae, Eulophidae and Scelionidae (Hym.) Ent. Gazette 8: 181-189.
Hammond, H.E. & Smith, K.G.V. 1955 On some parasitic Diptera and Hymenoptera bred from lepidopterous hosts. Part 2: misc. records of Phoridae, Larvaevoridae (Dipt.), Braconidae, Ichneumonidae and Eulophidae (Hym.) Ent. Gazette 6: 168-174.
Hammond, H.E. & Smith, K.G.V. 1953 On some parasitic Diptera and Hymenoptera bred from lepidopterous hosts. Part 1: with a description of Frontina laeta Mg., (Dipt: Larvaevoridae) Ent. Gazette 4: 273-279.

Pathology

Varkonyi, G. & Roslin, T. 2013 Freezing cold yet diverse: dissecting a high-Arctic parasitoid community associated with Lepidoptera hosts Canadian Entomology Vol 145: 193-218.

Suppliers

Anon. Polybags Ltd www.polybags.co.uk

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may also be relevant to LEPIDOPTERA (butterflies and moths):

BioImagesBioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 7,517 images of LEPIDOPTERA (butterflies and moths)

Cremaster: Once the moth has emerged, the exuvium is available for examination and the cremaster is generally still intact. The more intricate cremasters are often strongly entangled in silk which is difficult to remove to examine the structure. A few minutes soaking in dilute KOH dissolves the silk. Unlike teasing it away with a needle, this does no damage but obviously cannot be applied to living pupae.

Creative Commons License
This website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence.

Unless otherwise expressly stated, all original material on the BioInfo website by Malcolm Storey is licensed under the above Creative Commons Licence.

BioInfo - Wildlife Information (UK)