Phytomyza ilicis Curtis, 1846
(Holly Leaf-miner, Holly Leaf Gall Fly)

Interactions where Phytomyza ilicis is the dominant partner and gains from the process

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Stage Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season
larva (young) larva (young) feeds within leaf (midrib) UK/IrelandRestricted Ilex aquifolium Holly Aquifoliales: Aquifoliaceae Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/Phytomyza ilicisholly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall flylarva (young) Foodplant / internal feederUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Aquifoliales/Aquifoliaceae/Ilex aquifolium/Ilex aquifoliumhollyleaf (midrib)Sole
larva larva mines leaf (blade) UK/IrelandRestricted Ilex aquifolium Holly Aquifoliales: Aquifoliaceae Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998
Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/Phytomyza ilicisholly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall flylarva Foodplant / minerUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Aquifoliales/Aquifoliaceae/Ilex aquifolium/Ilex aquifoliumhollyleaf (blade)Sole
puparium puparium may be found in mined leaf UK/IrelandRestricted Ilex aquifolium Holly Aquifoliales: Aquifoliaceae Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/Phytomyza ilicisholly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall flypuparium Plant / resting place / withinUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Aquifoliales/Aquifoliaceae/Ilex aquifolium/Ilex aquifoliumhollyminedleafSole

Interactions where Phytomyza ilicis is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season Summary
larva is endoparasitoid host of larva UK/Ireland Chrysocharis gemma a chalcid wasp Hymenoptera: Eulophidae The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites, Cameron, E., 1939
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Eulophidae/Chrysocharis gemma/Chrysocharis gemmaa chalcid wasplarva Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoidUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/Phytomyza ilicisholly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall flylarva larva is endoparasitoid of larva
pupa is endoparasitoid host of larva UK/Ireland Chrysocharis syma a chalcid wasp Hymenoptera: Eulophidae The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites, Cameron, E., 1939
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Eulophidae/Chrysocharis syma/Chrysocharis symaa chalcid wasplarva Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoidUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/Phytomyza ilicisholly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall flypupa larva is endoparasitoid of pupa
pupa is endoparasitoid host of larva UK/Ireland Closterocerus trifasciatus a chalcid wasp Hymenoptera: Eulophidae The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites, Cameron, E., 1939
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Eulophidae/Closterocerus trifasciatus/Closterocerus trifasciatusa chalcid wasplarva Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoidUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/Phytomyza ilicisholly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall flypupa larva is endoparasitoid of pupa
pupa is endoparasitoid host of larva UK/Ireland Pleurotropis amyntes a chalcid wasp Hymenoptera: Eulophidae The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites, Cameron, E., 1939
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Eulophidae/Pleurotropis amyntes/Pleurotropis amyntesa chalcid wasplarva Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoidUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/Phytomyza ilicisholly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall flypupa larva is endoparasitoid of pupa
pupa is endoparasitoid host of larva UK/Ireland Eutelus a genus of chalcid wasps Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites, Cameron, E., 1939
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Pteromalidae/Eutelus/Eutelusa genus of chalcid waspslarva Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoidUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/Phytomyza ilicisholly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall flypupa larva is endoparasitoid of pupa
pupa is endoparasitoid host of larva UK/Ireland Cyrtogaster vulgaris a chalcid wasp Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites, Cameron, E., 1939
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Pteromalidae/Cyrtogaster vulgaris/Cyrtogaster vulgarisa chalcid wasplarva Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoidUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/Phytomyza ilicisholly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall flypupa larva is endoparasitoid of pupa
pupa is endoparasitoid host of larva UK/Ireland Sphegigaster flavicornis a chalcid wasp Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites, Cameron, E., 1939
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Pteromalidae/Sphegigaster flavicornis/Sphegigaster flavicornisa chalcid wasplarva Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoidUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/Phytomyza ilicisholly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall flypupa larva is endoparasitoid of pupa
pupa is endoparasitoid host of larva UK/Ireland Tetracampe a genus of chalcid wasps Hymenoptera: Tetracampidae The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites, Cameron, E., 1939
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Tetracampidae/Tetracampe/Tetracampea genus of chalcid waspslarva Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoidUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/Phytomyza ilicisholly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall flypupa larva is endoparasitoid of pupa
pupa is endoparasitoid host of larva Foreign Chorebus maculigastra a braconid wasp Hymenoptera: Braconidae The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites, Cameron, E., 1939
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Braconidae/Chorebus maculigastra/Chorebus maculigastraa braconid wasplarva Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoidForeign /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/Phytomyza ilicisholly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall flypupa larva is endoparasitoid of pupa
pupa is endoparasitoid host of larva (later instars) UK/Ireland Phaedrotoma pulchriceps a braconid wasp Hymenoptera: Braconidae The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites, Cameron, E., 1939
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Braconidae/Phaedrotoma pulchriceps/Phaedrotoma pulchricepsa braconid wasplarva (later instars) Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoidUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/Phytomyza ilicisholly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall flypupa larva (later instars) is endoparasitoid of pupa
larva is endoparasitoid host of larva (1st instar) UK/Ireland Phaedrotoma pulchriceps a braconid wasp Hymenoptera: Braconidae The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites, Cameron, E., 1939
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Braconidae/Phaedrotoma pulchriceps/Phaedrotoma pulchricepsa braconid wasplarva (1st instar) Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoidUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/Phytomyza ilicisholly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall flylarva larva (1st instar) is endoparasitoid of larva
mine mine of larva may attract epiphyllous, few pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph UK/Ireland Ascochyta ilicis a coelomycete Pleosporales British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Ascochyta ilicis/Ascochyta ilicisa coelomyceteepiphyllous, fewpycnidiumAscochyta coelomycetous anamorph Animal / associateUK and/or Eire /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/Phytomyza ilicisholly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall flyminelarva epiphyllous, few pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph is associated with mine of larva

Author & YearTitleSource
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden PlantsCollins Photoguide, 2nd edition edition, Collins
Cameron, E., 1939The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasitesBulletin of Entomological Research 30: 173-208.
Grove, W.B., 1935British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidiaVol I, 488pp, Cambridge University Press
Spencer, K.A., 1972Diptera: AgromyzidaeHandbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol X. Part 5(g), 136pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London

Phytomyza ilicis (Holly Leaf-miner, Holly Leaf Gall Fly) may also be included in 'feeds on' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Phytomyza ilicis (Holly Leaf-miner, Holly Leaf Gall Fly) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Taxonomic hierarchy:
SpeciesPhytomyza ilicis (Holly Leaf-miner, Holly Leaf Gall Fly)
GenusPhytomyza (a genus of leaf-mining flies)
FamilyAGROMYZIDAE (leaf-mining flies)
SuperfamilyOPOMYZOIDEA (a superfamily of acalypterate flies)
InfraorderSchizophora - Acalyptratae (an infraorder of flies)
OrderDIPTERA (two-winged flies)
Division Endopterygota (bees, beetles, flies, moths and other insects with wings developing internally)
InfraclassNeoptera (bees, beetles, flies, grasshoppers, moths and other advanced insects)
SubclassPTERYGOTA (bees, beetles, dragonflies, flies, grasshoppers, moths and other winged insects)
ClassINSECTA (true insects)
SubphylumHEXAPODA (insects and other 6-legged organisms)
PhylumARTHROPODA (arthropods)
SuperphylumECDYSOZOA (skin shedders)
CladeBilateria (bilaterally symmetrical animals)
SubkingdomEUMETAZOA (metazoans)
KingdomANIMALIA (animals)
DomainEukaryota (eukaryotes)
LifeBIOTA (living things)
NBNNBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Phytomyza ilicis (Holly Leaf-miner, Holly Leaf Gall Fly)

Identification Works

Handling & MagnificationAuthorYearTitleSource
Anon 2018 Agromyzidae Newsletter No 8, February, 2018 Agromyzidae Recording Scheme Newsletter.
() Cameron, E. 1939 The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites Bulletin of Entomological Research 30: 173-208.

Phytomyza ilicis (Holly Leaf-miner, Holly Leaf Gall Fly) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may be relevant to Phytomyza ilicis (Holly Leaf-miner, Holly Leaf Gall Fly):

BioImagesBioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 29 images of Phytomyza ilicis (Holly Leaf-miner, Holly Leaf Gall Fly)

The very common blotch mines on Holly leaves have recently been found to consist of more than one species, but the species involved have yet to be elucidated. The spiracles on the puparium may be sufficient to distinguish them but, as always, adult male genitalia will probably turn out to be the only safe way.

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