Russula Pers.
(brittlegill toadstools, russulas)

Interactions where Russula is the dominant partner and gains from the process

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Stage Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season
(live) live mycelium is mycorrhizal with root of plant UK/Ireland Epipactis dunensis Dune Helleborine Asparagales: Orchidaceae Fungal specificity bottlenecks during orchid germination and development, Bidartondo, M.I. & Read, D.J., 2008
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Russula/Russulabrittlegill toadstools, russulaslivemycelium Foodplant / mycorrhizaUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asparagales/Orchidaceae/Epipactis dunensis/Epipactis dunensisdune helleborinerootplant

Interactions where Russula is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season Summary
is associate of larva Mydaea humeralis a muscid fly Diptera: Muscidae Diptera: Cyclorrapha Calyptrata Sect (b) Muscidae, Fonseca, E.C.M. d’Assis, 1968
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Muscidae/Mydaea humeralis/Mydaea humeralisa muscid flylarva Fungus / associate /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Russula/Russulabrittlegill toadstools, russulas larva is associated with
fruitbody is parasitised by Verticillium anamorph Hypomyces ochraceus an ascomycete Hypocreales: Hypocreaceae Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Hypocreaceae/Hypomyces ochraceus/Hypomyces ochraceusan ascomyceteVerticillium anamorph Fungus / parasite /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Russula/Russulabrittlegill toadstools, russulasfruitbody Verticillium anamorph parasitises fruitbody
fruitbody is parasitised by sporangium Syzygites megalocarpus Toadstool Pin Mould Mucorales: Mucoraceae Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998
/Fungi/Zygomycota/Zygomycetes/Mucorales/Mucoraceae/Syzygites megalocarpus/Syzygites megalocarpustoadstool pin mouldsporangium Fungus / parasite /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Russula/Russulabrittlegill toadstools, russulasfruitbody sporangium parasitises fruitbody
(decaying) decaying basidiome is decayed by fruitbody Collybia cirrhata Piggyback Shanklet Agaricales: Tricholomataceae Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Tricholomataceae/Collybia cirrhata/Collybia cirrhatapiggyback shankletfruitbody Fungus / saprobe /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Russula/Russulabrittlegill toadstools, russulasdecayingbasidiome fruitbody is saprobic on decaying basidiome
(decaying) decaying basidiome is decayed by sclerotium Collybia cookei Splitpea Shanklet Agaricales: Tricholomataceae Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Tricholomataceae/Collybia cookei/Collybia cookeisplitpea shankletsclerotium Fungus / saprobe /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Russula/Russulabrittlegill toadstools, russulasdecayingbasidiome sclerotium is saprobic on decaying basidiome
(decaying) decaying basidiome is decayed by sclerotium Collybia tuberosa Lentil Shanklet Agaricales: Tricholomataceae Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Tricholomataceae/Collybia tuberosa/Collybia tuberosalentil shankletsclerotium Fungus / saprobe /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Russula/Russulabrittlegill toadstools, russulasdecayingbasidiome sclerotium is saprobic on decaying basidiome
(mummified) mummified basidiome is decayed by fruitbody Collybia cirrhata Piggyback Shanklet Agaricales: Tricholomataceae Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Tricholomataceae/Collybia cirrhata/Collybia cirrhatapiggyback shankletfruitbody Fungus / saprobe /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Russula/Russulabrittlegill toadstools, russulasmummifiedbasidiome fruitbody is saprobic on mummified basidiome
(mummified) mummified basidiome is decayed by sclerotium Collybia cookei Splitpea Shanklet Agaricales: Tricholomataceae Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Tricholomataceae/Collybia cookei/Collybia cookeisplitpea shankletsclerotium Fungus / saprobe /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Russula/Russulabrittlegill toadstools, russulasmummifiedbasidiome sclerotium is saprobic on mummified basidiome
(mummified) mummified basidiome is decayed by sclerotium Collybia tuberosa Lentil Shanklet Agaricales: Tricholomataceae Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Tricholomataceae/Collybia tuberosa/Collybia tuberosalentil shankletsclerotium Fungus / saprobe /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Russula/Russulabrittlegill toadstools, russulasmummifiedbasidiome sclerotium is saprobic on mummified basidiome
(rotted) rotted fruitbody is decayed by subiculate perithecium Hypomyces ochraceus an ascomycete Hypocreales: Hypocreaceae Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Hypocreaceae/Hypomyces ochraceus/Hypomyces ochraceusan ascomycetesubiculateperithecium Fungus / saprobe /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Russula/Russulabrittlegill toadstools, russulasrottedfruitbody subiculate perithecium is saprobic on rotted fruitbody
fruitbody fruitbody is food source of Minor Sciurus carolinensis Grey Squirrel, Eastern Grey Squirrel Rodentia: Sciuridae … a (grey) squirrel clasping a … Russula, Howland, P.
/Animalia/Chordata/Mammalia/Rodentia/Sciuridae/Sciurus carolinensis/Sciurus carolinensisgrey squirrel, eastern grey squirrel Fungus / feeder /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Russula/Russulabrittlegill toadstools, russulasfruitbodyMinor feeds on fruitbody
fruitbody (decayed) decayed fruitbody is parasitised by fruitbody UK/Ireland Asterophora lycoperdoides Powdery Piggyback, Pick-a-back Toadstool Agaricales: Lyophyllaceae Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Lyophyllaceae/Asterophora lycoperdoides/Asterophora lycoperdoidespowdery piggyback, pick-a-back toadstoolfruitbody Fungus / parasiteUK and/or Eire /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Russula/Russulabrittlegill toadstools, russulasdecayedfruitbody (summer-autumn)fruitbody parasitises decayed fruitbody
fruitbody (decayed) decayed fruitbody is parasitised by fruitbody UK/Ireland Asterophora parasitica Silky Piggyback Agaricales: Lyophyllaceae Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Lyophyllaceae/Asterophora parasitica/Asterophora parasiticasilky piggybackfruitbody Fungus / parasiteUK and/or Eire /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Russula/Russulabrittlegill toadstools, russulasdecayedfruitbody fruitbody parasitises decayed fruitbody
fruitbody (moribund) moribund fruitbody is parasitised by fruitbody UK/Ireland Asterophora lycoperdoides Powdery Piggyback, Pick-a-back Toadstool Agaricales: Lyophyllaceae Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Lyophyllaceae/Asterophora lycoperdoides/Asterophora lycoperdoidespowdery piggyback, pick-a-back toadstoolfruitbody Fungus / parasiteUK and/or Eire /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Russula/Russulabrittlegill toadstools, russulasmoribundfruitbody (summer-autumn)fruitbody parasitises moribund fruitbody
fruitbody (moribund) moribund fruitbody is parasitised by fruitbody UK/Ireland Asterophora parasitica Silky Piggyback Agaricales: Lyophyllaceae Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Lyophyllaceae/Asterophora parasitica/Asterophora parasiticasilky piggybackfruitbody Fungus / parasiteUK and/or Eire /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Russula/Russulabrittlegill toadstools, russulasmoribundfruitbody fruitbody parasitises moribund fruitbody

Author & YearTitleSource
Howland, P., 2006… a (grey) squirrel clasping a … RussulaVol 7 (3) Page: 74
Bidartondo, M.I. & Read, D.J., 2008Fungal specificity bottlenecks during orchid germination and developmentMolecular Ecology Vol 17: 3707-3716.
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 246pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Fonseca, E.C.M. d’Assis, 1968Diptera: Cyclorrapha Calyptrata Sect (b) MuscidaeHandbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol X. Part 4(b), 119pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota517pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

Russula (brittlegill toadstools, russulas) may also be included in 'feeds on' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Russula (brittlegill toadstools, russulas) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Subtaxon Rank Featured
subtaxa
No of
interactions
No of
references
Species 1 trophisms
Species 2 trophisms
Species 5 trophisms
Species 2 trophisms 1 references
Species 2 trophisms 1 references
Species 1 trophisms 2 references
Species 1 trophisms
Species 2 trophisms
Species 2 trophisms
Species aggregate 2 subtaxa 4 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms
Species 6 trophisms 1 references
Species 5 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms 1 references
Species 3 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms 1 references
Species 1 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms
Species 1 references
Species 1 trophisms
Species 6 trophisms 1 references
Species 2 trophisms
Species 1 references
Species 2 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms 1 references
Species 1 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms
Species 2 trophisms 2 references
Species 2 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms 1 references
Species 1 trophisms
Species 5 trophisms 2 references
Species 3 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms 1 references
Species 7 trophisms
Species 5 trophisms 1 references
Species 4 trophisms 1 references
Species 1 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms
Species 4 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms 1 references
Species 4 trophisms 1 references
Species aggregate 5 subtaxa 20 trophisms 1 references
Species 1 trophisms
Species 2 subtaxa 4 trophisms 1 references
Species 1 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms
Species 2 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms
Species 4 trophisms
Species 4 trophisms 1 references
Species 1 trophisms
Species 4 trophisms 1 references
Species 2 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms 1 references
Species 1 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms
Species 2 trophisms
Species 5 trophisms 1 references
Species 3 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms 1 references
Species 3 trophisms 1 references
Species 1 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms 1 references
Species 10 trophisms 1 references
Species 5 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms 2 references
Species 2 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms
Species 4 trophisms 1 references
Species 1 trophisms
Species 4 trophisms 1 references
Species 2 trophisms
Species 1 references
Species 1 trophisms
Species 2 trophisms
Species 1 references
Species 2 trophisms 1 references
Species 1 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms 2 references
Species 2 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms 1 references
Species 3 trophisms
Species 2 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms
Species 2 trophisms 1 references
Species 3 trophisms
Species 14 trophisms 3 references
Species 1 trophisms 1 references
Species 2 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms 1 references
Species 2 trophisms
Species 2 trophisms 1 references
Species 1 trophisms
Species 2 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms
Species 4 trophisms 2 references
Species 2 trophisms 1 references
Species 1 references
Species 1 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms 1 references
Species 2 trophisms
Species 4 trophisms
Species 1 references
Species 2 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms 2 references
Species 2 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms
Species 4 trophisms 1 references
Species 1 references
Species 2 trophisms
Species 4 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms
Species 2 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms 1 references
Species 1 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms
Species 3 trophisms 1 references
Species 1 trophisms 1 references
Species 2 trophisms 1 references
Species 2 trophisms
Species aggregate 4 subtaxa 11 trophisms 2 references
Species 1 trophisms
Species 1 trophisms 2 references
Taxonomic hierarchy:
GenusRussula (brittlegill toadstools, russulas)
FamilyRUSSULACEAE (milkcaps and russulas)
OrderRUSSULALES (an order of toadstools)
SubclassAGARICOMYCETIDAE (a subclass of basidiomycetes)
ClassAGARICOMYCETES (a class of fungi)
SubphylumAGARICOMYCOTINA (a subphylum of fungi)
PhylumBASIDIOMYCOTA (spore droppers, basidiomycetes)
KingdomFUNGI (true fungi)
DomainEukaryota (eukaryotes)
LifeBIOTA (living things)
NBNNBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Russula (brittlegill toadstools, russulas)

Identification Works

Handling & MagnificationAuthorYearTitleSource
Cullington, P. 2004 Those Green Russulas! Field Mycology Vol 5 (1): 24-27.
Galli, R. 1996 Le Russule 480pp, Edinatura
Kibby, G. 2010 The genus Russula in Great Britain, with synoptic keys to the species (2010 edition) Privately published, September 2010 edition, 123pp, Blurb
Kibby, G. 2008 *** The Genus Russula in Great Britain with Synoptic Keys to Species (ed 4) ***(Superseded) Privately published, 4th edition edition, 109pp
Kibby, G. 2008 *** The Genus Russula in Great Britain with Synoptic Keys to Species (ed 5) ***(Superseded) 5th edition edition, Blurb
Kibby, G. 2003 Key to British species of Russula in the R. xerampelina group Field Mycology Vol 4 (3): 93-100.
Kibby, G. 2001 *** Synoptic Keys to the British species of the Genus Russula (excluding subgenus Compactae) ***(Superseded) Privately published, 1.1 Sept 20, 2001 edition, 25pp
() Kibby, G. 2001 Key to blackening species of Russula of section Compactae Field Mycology Vol 2 (3): 95-97, rear cover.
() Marchand, A. 1971 Champignons du Nord et du Midi (9 volumes) over 2,000 in totalpp, Société Mycologique des Pyrénées Méditerranéenes
Moreau, P.-A. 2006 Comments on B & K 6 illustrations of Lactarius and Russula Documents Mycologiques, Nouvelle série Vol 34: 144-148.
() Rayner, R.W. 1985 *** Keys to the British Species of Russula ***(Superseded) 3 edition, 99pp, British Mycological Society
Reumaux, P. 1999 Russules rares ou méconnue Fungi Non Delineati Pars VIII.
Romagnesi, H. 1967 *** Les Russules d’Europe et d’Afrique du Nord ***(Superseded)
Sarneri, M. 1998 Monografia Illustrata del genere Russula in Europa Tomo Primo & Secondo, Vol 1: 1998, Vol 2: 2005 edition, 1568pp, A.M.B. Fondazione Centro Studi Micologici
Tortelli, Mario 2004 Use of Guaiac in the Identification of Russula Field Mycology Vol (3): 92-98.

Subsection Foetentinae

Bazzicalupo , A. 2011 A key to Russula subsections Foetentinae and Pectinatae sites.google.com/site/scottishfungi/identification/id-keys/russula-pectinatae-and-foetentinae

Subsection Pectinatae

Bazzicalupo , A. 2011 A key to Russula subsections Foetentinae and Pectinatae sites.google.com/site/scottishfungi/identification/id-keys/russula-pectinatae-and-foetentinae

Russula (brittlegill toadstools, russulas) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

General Works

AuthorYearTitleSource
Fatto, R. & Kibby, G. 2000 Cross-off sheets for easy recording of Fungi - 1 Russula Field Mycology Vol 1 (4): 126.
Howland, P. 2006 … a (grey) squirrel clasping a … Russula Vol 7 (3) Page: 74
Leake, J.R. 2005 Plants parasitic on fungi: unearthing the fungi in myco-heterotrophs and debunking the "saprophytic" plant myth Mycologist Vol 19 (3): 113-122.
Reijnders, A.F.M. & Stalpers, J.A. 1992 The development of the hymenophoral trama in the Aphyllophorales and the Agaricales Stud. Mycol. No. 34.
Smith, P. Chemical reagents www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/mycology/microscopy/reagents/
Taylor, A.S. & Alexander, I. 2005 The ectomycorrhizal symbiosis: life in the real world Mycologist Vol 19 (3): 102-112.

Nutrition

Hobbie, E.A., Hofmockel, K.S., van Diepen, L.T.A., Lilleskov, E.A., Ouimette, A.P. & Finzi, A.C. 2014 Fungal carbon sources in a pine forest: evidence from a 13C-labeled global change experiment FungEcol Vol 10: 91-100.

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may also be relevant to Russula (brittlegill toadstools, russulas):

BioImagesBioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 890 images of Russula (brittlegill toadstools, russulas)
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