Cirsium arvense (creeping thistle)

Interactions where Cirsium arvense is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part	Summary	Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Season	Summary
	may have adult	Oulema obscura	a leaf beetle	Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae	Atlas of the Seed and Leaf Beetles of Britain and Ireland, Cox, M.L., 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Chrysomelidae/Oulema obscura/	Oulema obscura	a leaf beetle			adult	Plant / resting place / on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle						(7-)	adult may be found on
	is foodplant of larva	Larinus carlinae	a weevil	Coleoptera: Curculionidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Larinus carlinae/	Larinus carlinae	a weevil			larva	Foodplant / feeds on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle							larva feeds on
	is foodplant of larva	Lixus pulverulentus	a weevil	Coleoptera: Curculionidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Lixus pulverulentus/	Lixus pulverulentus	a weevil			larva	Foodplant / feeds on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle							larva feeds on
	is foodplant of larva	Mordellistena acuticollis	a tumbling flower beetle	Coleoptera: Mordellidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Mordellidae/Mordellistena acuticollis/	Mordellistena acuticollis	a tumbling flower beetle			larva	Foodplant / feeds on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle							larva feeds on
	is foodplant of larva	Terellia ruficauda	Red-tailed Thistle Fly	Diptera: Tephritidae	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Terellia ruficauda/	Terellia ruficauda	red-tailed thistle fly			larva	Foodplant / feeds on	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle							larva feeds on
	is foodplant of larva	Urophora stylata	Spear-thistle Gall-fly	Diptera: Tephritidae	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Urophora stylata/	Urophora stylata	spear-thistle gall-fly			larva	Foodplant / feeds on	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle							larva feeds on
	is parasitised by	Pustula spinulosa	(A White Rust)	Albuginales: Albuginaceae	A revision of Albugo (Chromista, Peronosporomycetes), Thines, M. & Spring, O., 2005	/Chromista/Oomycota/Peronosporea/Albuginales/Albuginaceae/Pustula spinulosa/	Pustula spinulosa	(a white rust)				Foodplant / parasite	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle							parasitises
	may be infected and damaged by telium	Puccinia punctiformis	Creeping Thistle Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia punctiformis/	Puccinia punctiformis	creeping thistle rust			telium	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle							telium infects and damages
(live)	live is parasitised by sporangium	Bremia lactucae s. lat.	Lettuce Downy Mildew	Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae	A Checklist of the Downy Mildews (Peronosporaceae) of the British Isles, Preece, T.F., 2002	/Chromista/Oomycota/Peronosporea/Peronosporales/Peronosporaceae/Bremia lactucae s. lat./	Bremia lactucae s. lat.	lettuce downy mildew			sporangium	Foodplant / parasite	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		live			Rare		sporangium parasitises live
(live)	live is parasitised by	Erysiphe mayorii	a powdery mildew	Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae	An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews, Ing, B., 1990	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Erysiphales/Erysiphaceae/Erysiphe mayorii/	Erysiphe mayorii	a powdery mildew				Foodplant / parasite	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		live					parasitises live
(live)	live is parasitised by	Golovinomyces cichoracearum	a powdery mildew	Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae	An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews, Ing, B., 1990	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Erysiphales/Erysiphaceae/Golovinomyces cichoracearum/	Golovinomyces cichoracearum	a powdery mildew				Foodplant / parasite	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		live			Major		parasitises live
(live)	live is parasitised by	Puccinia cnici	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia cnici/	Puccinia cnici	a rust fungus				Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle	?	live					parasitises live
capitulum	capitulum may contain larva	Chaetostomella cylindrica	a gall fly	Diptera: Tephritidae	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Chaetostomella cylindrica/	Chaetostomella cylindrica	a gall fly			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle			capitulum				larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum	capitulum may contain larva	Ensina sonchi	Sow-thistle Fly	Diptera: Tephritidae	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Ensina sonchi/	Ensina sonchi	sow-thistle fly			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle			capitulum				larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum	capitulum may contain larva	Tephritis cometa	Rayed Thistle Fly	Diptera: Tephritidae	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Tephritis cometa/	Tephritis cometa	rayed thistle fly			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle			capitulum		Sole		larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum	capitulum may contain larva	Terellia tussilaginis	Banded Burdock Fly	Diptera: Tephritidae	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Terellia tussilaginis/	Terellia tussilaginis	banded burdock fly			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle			capitulum		Rare		larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum	capitulum may contain larva	Xyphosia miliaria	Mottled Thistle Fly	Diptera: Tephritidae	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Xyphosia miliaria/	Xyphosia miliaria	mottled thistle fly			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle			capitulum				larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum (live)	live capitulum may contain larva	Acanthiophilus helianthi	Knapweed Ghost	Diptera: Tephritidae	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Acanthiophilus helianthi/	Acanthiophilus helianthi	knapweed ghost			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		live	capitulum				larva feeds within live capitulum
green parts (not involucre)	green parts (not involucre) has sap sucked by adult	Tingis ampliata	Creeping Thistle Lacebug	Hemiptera: Tingidae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Tingidae/Tingis (Tingis) ampliata/	Tingis (Tingis) ampliata	creeping thistle lacebug			adult	Foodplant / sap sucker		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle			green parts (not involucre)			(early 5-late 7, mid 8-)	adult sucks sap of green parts (not involucre)
green parts (not involucre)	green parts (not involucre) has sap sucked by nymph	Tingis ampliata	Creeping Thistle Lacebug	Hemiptera: Tingidae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Tingidae/Tingis (Tingis) ampliata/	Tingis (Tingis) ampliata	creeping thistle lacebug			nymph	Foodplant / sap sucker		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle			green parts (not involucre)			(late 6-early 9)	nymph sucks sap of green parts (not involucre)
leaf (upper surface)	leaf (upper surface) is mined by larva	Phytomyza cirsii	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza cirsii/	Phytomyza cirsii	a leaf-mining fly			larva	Foodplant / miner		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle			leaf (upper surface)		Major		larva mines leaf (upper surface)
leaf (upper surface) (windowed)	windowed leaf (upper surface) is grazed by hidden under carried excrement larva	Lema cyanella	a leaf beetle	Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992 Atlas of the Seed and Leaf Beetles of Britain and Ireland, Cox, M.L., 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Chrysomelidae/Lema cyanella/	Lema cyanella	a leaf beetle	hidden under carried excrement		larva	Foodplant / open feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		windowed	leaf (upper surface)		Major		hidden under carried excrement larva grazes on windowed leaf (upper surface)
leaf (upper) (chlorotic)	chlorotic leaf (upper) may be infected and damaged by	Pseudomonas syringae strain CT99B016C	White Colour Disease Of Creeping Thistle - causative organism	Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae	The Mystery of the “White” thistles (newsletter), Stringer, R.N. & Davies, R.H., 2009 A Canadian strain of Pseudomonas syringae causes white-colour disease of Cirsium arvense (Canada thistle), Zhang, W., Sulz, M., Mykitiek, T., Li, X., Yanke, L., Kong, H.N., Buyer, J.S. & Lydon, J, 2004	/Proteobacteria/Gammaproteobacteria/Pseudomonadales/Pseudomonadaceae/Pseudomonas syringae strain CT99B016C/	Pseudomonas syringae strain CT99B016C	white colour disease of creeping thistle - causative organism				Foodplant / pathogen	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		chlorotic	leaf (upper)				infects and damages chlorotic leaf (upper)
leaf-mine	leaf-mine may house puparium	Chromatomyia autumnalis	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Chromatomyia autumnalis/	Chromatomyia autumnalis	a leaf-mining fly			puparium	Plant / resting place / within		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle			leaf-mine		Major		puparium may be found in leaf-mine
leaf	leaf is grazed by adult	Lema cyanella	a leaf beetle	Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992 Atlas of the Seed and Leaf Beetles of Britain and Ireland, Cox, M.L., 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Chrysomelidae/Lema cyanella/	Lema cyanella	a leaf beetle			adult	Foodplant / open feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle			leaf		Major	(1-12)	adult grazes on leaf
leaf	leaf is mined by larva	Chromatomyia autumnalis	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Chromatomyia autumnalis/	Chromatomyia autumnalis	a leaf-mining fly			larva	Foodplant / miner		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle			leaf		Major		larva mines leaf
leaf	leaf may have puparium	Phytomyza cirsii	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza cirsii/	Phytomyza cirsii	a leaf-mining fly			puparium	Plant / resting place / on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle			leaf		Major		puparium may be found on leaf
leaf	leaf is foodplant of epiphyllous, scattered pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph	Phyllosticta cirsii	a coelomycete	Botryosphaeriales: Phyllostictaceae	Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995 British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Botryosphaeriales/Phyllostictaceae/Phyllosticta cirsii/	Phyllosticta cirsii	a coelomycete	epiphyllous, scattered	pycnidium	Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / feeds on	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle			leaf			(9)	epiphyllous, scattered pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph feeds on leaf
leaf (dead)	dead leaf is decayed by sometimes in rows conidioma of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph	Phoma cirsii	a coelomycete	Pleosporales	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Phoma cirsii/	Phoma cirsii	a coelomycete	sometimes in rows	conidioma	Phoma coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead	leaf				sometimes in rows conidioma of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on dead leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is parasitised by mostly hypophyllous sorus	Pustula obtusata s. str.	a white rust	Albuginales: Albuginaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Chromista/Oomycota/Peronosporea/Albuginales/Albuginaceae/Pustula obtusata s. str./	Pustula obtusata s. str.	a white rust	mostly hypophyllous	sorus		Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		live	leaf				mostly hypophyllous sorus parasitises live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is parasitised by immersed oospore	Pustula obtusata s. str.	a white rust	Albuginales: Albuginaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Chromista/Oomycota/Peronosporea/Albuginales/Albuginaceae/Pustula obtusata s. str./	Pustula obtusata s. str.	a white rust	immersed	oospore		Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		live	leaf				immersed oospore parasitises live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is spotted by amphigenous colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph	Ramularia cynarae emend U. Braun	an anamorphic fungus	Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol II, Braun, U., 1998 Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995 Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Ramularia cynarae emend U. Braun/	Ramularia cynarae emend U. Braun	an anamorphic fungus	amphigenous	colony	Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		live	leaf				amphigenous colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf may be infected and damaged by honey-scented, hypophyllous, covering whole leaf surface pycnium	Puccinia punctiformis	Creeping Thistle Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia punctiformis/	Puccinia punctiformis	creeping thistle rust	honey-scented, hypophyllous, covering whole leaf surface		pycnium	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		live	leaf			(late 4)	honey-scented, hypophyllous, covering whole leaf surface pycnium infects and damages live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf may be infected and damaged by uredinoid, hypophyllous aecium	Puccinia punctiformis	Creeping Thistle Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia punctiformis/	Puccinia punctiformis	creeping thistle rust	uredinoid, hypophyllous		aecium	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		live	leaf			(5)	uredinoid, hypophyllous aecium infects and damages live leaf
live	live of leaf may be infected and damaged by scattered, hypophyllous, covering whole leaf surface uredium	Puccinia punctiformis	Creeping Thistle Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia punctiformis/	Puccinia punctiformis	creeping thistle rust	scattered, hypophyllous, covering whole leaf surface		uredium	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle			live	leaf		(7)	scattered, hypophyllous, covering whole leaf surface uredium infects and damages live of leaf
root	root is parasitised by underground tuber	Orobanche reticulata	Thistle Broomrape	Lamiales: Orobanchaceae	Flora of the British Isles, Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. & Moore, D.M., 1985	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Orobanchaceae/Orobanche reticulata/	Orobanche reticulata	thistle broomrape	underground	tuber		Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle			root		Major		underground tuber parasitises root
stem (near base (dead, standing)	dead, standing stem (near base is decayed by apothecium	Hyalopeziza millepunctata	a discomycete	Helotiales: Hyaloscyphaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Hyaloscyphaceae/Hyalopeziza millepunctata/	Hyalopeziza millepunctata	a discomycete			apothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead, standing	stem (near base			(4-11)	apothecium is saprobic on dead, standing stem (near base
stem?	stem? may contain larva	Ceratapion carduorum	a seed weevil	Coleoptera: Apionidae	Orthocerous Weevils, Morris, M.G., 1990	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Apionidae/Ceratapion carduorum/	Ceratapion carduorum	a seed weevil			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle			stem?		Major		larva feeds within stem?
stem	stem may contain larva	Cleonis pigra	Large Thistle Weevil	Coleoptera: Curculionidae	True Weevils (Part I): Family Curculionidae, subfamilies Raymondionyminae to Smicronychinae, Morris, M.G., 2002	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Cleonis pigra/	Cleonis pigra	large thistle weevil			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle			stem		Major		larva feeds within stem
stem (dead, decayed)	dead, decayed stem is decayed by fruitbody	Phanerochaete calotricha	a resupinate fungus	Polyporales: Phanerochaetaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Polyporales/Phanerochaetaceae/Phanerochaete calotricha/	Phanerochaete calotricha	a resupinate fungus			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead, decayed	stem		Rare		fruitbody is saprobic on dead, decayed stem
stem (dead, locally bleached)	dead, locally bleached stem is decayed by scattered, black, raising epidermis pycnidium of Diplodina coelomycetous anamorph	Diplodina cirsii	a coelomycete	Diaporthales: Gnomoniaceae	Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995 British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Diaporthales/Gnomoniaceae/Diplodina cirsii/	Diplodina cirsii	a coelomycete	scattered, black, raising epidermis	pycnidium	Diplodina coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead, locally bleached	stem			(5-6)	scattered, black, raising epidermis pycnidium of Diplodina coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on dead, locally bleached stem
stem (dead, red stained (epidermis))	dead, red stained (epidermis) stem is decayed by immersed pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph	Phoma rubella	a coelomycete	Pleosporales	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Phoma rubella/	Phoma rubella	a coelomycete	immersed	pycnidium	Phoma coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead, red stained (epidermis)	stem			(4-5)	immersed pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on dead, red stained (epidermis) stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by partly immersed pseudothecium	Leptosphaeria purpurea	an ascomycete	Pleosporales: Leptosphaeriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Leptosphaeriaceae/Leptosphaeria purpurea/	Leptosphaeria purpurea	an ascomycete	partly immersed		pseudothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead	stem			(6-7)	partly immersed pseudothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by immersed pseudothecium	Paraleptosphaeria macrospora	an ascomycete	Pleosporales: Leptosphaeriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Leptosphaeriaceae/Paraleptosphaeria macrospora/	Paraleptosphaeria macrospora	an ascomycete	immersed		pseudothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead	stem			(4-6)	immersed pseudothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by immersed pseudothecium	Kalmusia clivensis	an ascomycete	Pleosporales: Montagnulaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Montagnulaceae/Kalmusia clivensis/	Kalmusia clivensis	an ascomycete	immersed		pseudothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead	stem			(5-6)	immersed pseudothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by scattered, immersed, neck erumpent pseudothecium	Nodulosphaeria cirsii	an ascomycete	Pleosporales: Phaeosphaeriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Phaeosphaeriaceae/Nodulosphaeria cirsii/	Nodulosphaeria cirsii	an ascomycete	scattered, immersed, neck erumpent		pseudothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead	stem				scattered, immersed, neck erumpent pseudothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by numerous, scattered to gregarious, almost superficial, brown-black pycnidium of Rhabdospora coelomycetous anamorph	Nodulosphaeria cirsii	an ascomycete	Pleosporales: Phaeosphaeriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Phaeosphaeriaceae/Nodulosphaeria cirsii/	Nodulosphaeria cirsii	an ascomycete	numerous, scattered to gregarious, almost superficial, brown-black	pycnidium	Rhabdospora coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead	stem			(2-5)	numerous, scattered to gregarious, almost superficial, brown-black pycnidium of Rhabdospora coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by immersed pseudothecium	Nodulosphaeria dolioloides	an ascomycete	Pleosporales: Phaeosphaeriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Phaeosphaeriaceae/Nodulosphaeria dolioloides/	Nodulosphaeria dolioloides	an ascomycete	immersed		pseudothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead	stem				immersed pseudothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by immersed pseudothecium	Ophiobolus acuminatus	an ascomycete	Pleosporales: Phaeosphaeriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Phaeosphaeriaceae/Ophiobolus acuminatus/	Ophiobolus acuminatus	an ascomycete	immersed		pseudothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead	stem		Major	(3-6)	immersed pseudothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by sometimes in rows conidioma of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph	Phoma cirsii	a coelomycete	Pleosporales	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Phoma cirsii/	Phoma cirsii	a coelomycete	sometimes in rows	conidioma	Phoma coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead	stem				sometimes in rows conidioma of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by effuse colony of Pseudospiropes dematiaceous anamorph	Pseudospiropes rousselianus	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus	Chaetothyriales: Herpotrichiellaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Eurotiomycetes/Chaetothyriales/Herpotrichiellaceae/Pseudospiropes rousselianus/	Pseudospiropes rousselianus	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus	effuse	colony	Pseudospiropes dematiaceous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead	stem				effuse colony of Pseudospiropes dematiaceous anamorph is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by sessile apothecium	Mollisia clavata	a discomycete	Helotiales: Dermateaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Dermateaceae/Mollisia clavata/	Mollisia clavata	a discomycete	sessile		apothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead	stem			(4-11)	sessile apothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by erumpent apothecium	Pirottaea brevipila	a discomycete	Helotiales: Dermateaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Dermateaceae/Pirottaea brevipila/	Pirottaea brevipila	a discomycete	erumpent		apothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead	stem			(6)	erumpent apothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by erumpent apothecium	Pyrenopeziza adenostylidis	a discomycete	Helotiales: Dermateaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Dermateaceae/Pyrenopeziza adenostylidis/	Pyrenopeziza adenostylidis	a discomycete	erumpent		apothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead	stem			(5-11)	erumpent apothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by erumpent apothecium	Pyrenopeziza carduorum	a discomycete	Helotiales: Dermateaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Dermateaceae/Pyrenopeziza carduorum/	Pyrenopeziza carduorum	a discomycete	erumpent		apothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead	stem			(5-8)	erumpent apothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by short-stalked apothecium	Pezizella discreta	a discomycete	Helotiales: Hyaloscyphaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Hyaloscyphaceae/Pezizella discreta/	Pezizella discreta	a discomycete	short-stalked		apothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead	stem			(10-11)	short-stalked apothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by sessile, in clusters of 2 to 5 apothecium	Pezizella glareosa	a discomycete	Helotiales: Hyaloscyphaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Hyaloscyphaceae/Pezizella glareosa/	Pezizella glareosa	a discomycete	sessile, in clusters of 2 to 5		apothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead	stem		Major	(9-10)	sessile, in clusters of 2 to 5 apothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by embedded stroma	Karstenia rhopaloides	a discomycete	Rhytismatales	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Rhytismatales/Karstenia rhopaloides/	Karstenia rhopaloides	a discomycete	embedded		stroma	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead	stem			(6-11)	embedded stroma is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by stromatic, deeply sunken apothecium	Karstenia rhopaloides	a discomycete	Rhytismatales	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Rhytismatales/Karstenia rhopaloides/	Karstenia rhopaloides	a discomycete	stromatic, deeply sunken		apothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead	stem			(6-11)	stromatic, deeply sunken apothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by sometimes in rows pycnidium of Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph	Phomopsis cirsii	a coelomycete	Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Diaporthales/Diaporthaceae/Phomopsis cirsii/	Phomopsis cirsii	a coelomycete	sometimes in rows	pycnidium	Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead	stem			(10-5)	sometimes in rows pycnidium of Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by superficial, scattered or in small groups, thinly subiculate perithecium	Hydropisphaera arenula	a pyrenomycete	Hypocreales: Bionectriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Bionectriaceae/Hydropisphaera arenula/	Hydropisphaera arenula	a pyrenomycete	superficial, scattered or in small groups, thinly subiculate		perithecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead	stem			(1-12)	superficial, scattered or in small groups, thinly subiculate perithecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by colony of Stachybotrys dematiaceous anamorph	Stachybotrys dichroa	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus	Hypocreales	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Stachybotrys dichroa/	Stachybotrys dichroa	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus		colony	Stachybotrys dematiaceous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead	stem			(4-9)	colony of Stachybotrys dematiaceous anamorph is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by immersed, more or less linearly arranged pycnidium of Sphaeronaema coelomycetous anamorph	Sphaeronaema floccosum	a coelomycete		British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sphaeronaema floccosum/	Sphaeronaema floccosum	a coelomycete	immersed, more or less linearly arranged	pycnidium	Sphaeronaema coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		dead	stem			(4)	immersed, more or less linearly arranged pycnidium of Sphaeronaema coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on dead stem
stem (live)	live stem is galled by larva	Urophora cardui	Thistle Stem Gall-fly	Diptera: Tephritidae	Plant Galls, Redfern, M. & Askew, R.R., 1992 Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986 Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Urophora cardui/	Urophora cardui	thistle stem gall-fly			larva	Foodplant / gall	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		live	stem		Sole		larva causes gall of live stem
stem (live)	live stem is parasitised by immersed oospore	Pustula obtusata s. str.	a white rust	Albuginales: Albuginaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Chromista/Oomycota/Peronosporea/Albuginales/Albuginaceae/Pustula obtusata s. str./	Pustula obtusata s. str.	a white rust	immersed	oospore		Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		live	stem				immersed oospore parasitises live stem
stem (live)	live stem is parasitised by sorus	Pustula obtusata s. str.	a white rust	Albuginales: Albuginaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Chromista/Oomycota/Peronosporea/Albuginales/Albuginaceae/Pustula obtusata s. str./	Pustula obtusata s. str.	a white rust		sorus		Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Cirsium arvense/	Cirsium arvense	creeping thistle		live	stem				sorus parasitises live stem

Species	Cirsium arvense (Creeping Thistle)
Genus	Cirsium (thistle)
Tribe	Cardueae (“thistles”)
Subfamily	LACTUCOIDEAE (“dandelions”)
Family	ASTERACEAE (daisies, dandelions and thistles, composite)
Order	ASTERALES (daisies, dandelions, thistles and bell flowers)
Subclass	EU-DICOTS (dicotyledonous flowering plants)
Class	MAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants)
Phylum	TRACHEOPHYTA (vascular plants)
Kingdom	PLANTAE (plants)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.
(Creeping Thistle)

Interactions where Cirsium arvense is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

Taxonomic hierarchy:

Cirsium arvense is also a member of:

BioInfo - Wildlife Information (UK)

Author & Year	Title	Source
Braun, U., 1998	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol II	Phytopathogenic Hyphomycetes, 2, 493pp, IHW-Verlag
Bullock, J.A., 1992	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations	11a, 24pp, Amateur Entomologists’ Society
Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. & Moore, D.M., 1985	Flora of the British Isles	3 edition, 688pp, Cambridge University Press
Cox, M.L., 2007	Atlas of the Seed and Leaf Beetles of Britain and Ireland	336pp, Pisces Publications
Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	Fungi of the South East England	383pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook	2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Grove, W.B., 1935	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia	Vol I, 488pp, Cambridge University Press
Ing, B., 1990	An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews	Mycologist Vol 4 (1) et seq.
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota	517pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Morris, M.G., 1990	Orthocerous Weevils	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 5 Part 16, 108pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Morris, M.G., 2002	True Weevils (Part I): Family Curculionidae, subfamilies Raymondionyminae to Smicronychinae	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 5, Part 17b, 149pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Preece, T.F., 2002	A Checklist of the Downy Mildews (Peronosporaceae) of the British Isles	33pp, British Mycological Society
Redfern, M. & Askew, R.R., 1992	Plant Galls	Naturalists’ Handbooks, No 17, 99pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles	Wayside & Woodland Series, 1959 edition, 436pp, Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd.
Spencer, K.A., 1972	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol X. Part 5(g), 136pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Stringer, R.N. & Davies, R.H., 2009	The Mystery of the “White” thistles (newsletter)	Llanelli Naturalists Newsletter No 75: 4-6.
Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls	95pp, British Plant Gall Society (BPGS)
Thines, M. & Spring, O., 2005	A revision of Albugo (Chromista, Peronosporomycetes)	Mycotaxon 92: 443-458.
White, I.M., 1988	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol 10. Part 5a, 134pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Zhang, W., Sulz, M., Mykitiek, T., Li, X., Yanke, L., Kong, H.N., Buyer, J.S. & Lydon, J, 2004	A Canadian strain of Pseudomonas syringae causes white-colour disease of Cirsium arvense (Canada thistle)	Proceedings of the XI International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, April 27 - May 2, Canberra, Australia: 215-220.