Euonymus L.
(spindles)

Interactions where Euonymus is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part		Summary			Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active Taxon Uncertain	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Uncertain	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Indoors etc	Season	Summary
(live)		live has sap sucked by			Pulvinaria hydrangeae	Hydrangea Scale, Hydrangea Scale Insect	Hemiptera: Coccidae	Changes in status and distribution of Hydrangea Scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Britain, Salisbury, A. & Malumphy, C., 2017	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria hydrangeae/	Pulvinaria hydrangeae	hydrangea scale, hydrangea scale insect					Foodplant / sap sucker		Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Celastrales/Celastraceae/Euonymus/	Euonymus	spindles		live						sucks sap of live
branch (dead)		dead branch is decayed by subcortical stroma			Eutypella scoparia	a stromatic pyrenomycete	Xylariales: Diatrypaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Diatrypaceae/Eutypella scoparia/	Eutypella scoparia	a stromatic pyrenomycete		subcortical		stroma	Foodplant / saprobe			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Celastrales/Celastraceae/Euonymus/	Euonymus	spindles		dead	branch				(1-4)	subcortical stroma is saprobic on dead branch
branch (dead)		dead branch is decayed by subcortical synnema of Harpographium anamorph			Eutypella scoparia	a stromatic pyrenomycete	Xylariales: Diatrypaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Diatrypaceae/Eutypella scoparia/	Eutypella scoparia	a stromatic pyrenomycete		subcortical	synnema	Harpographium anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Celastrales/Celastraceae/Euonymus/	Euonymus	spindles		dead	branch				(1-4)	subcortical synnema of Harpographium anamorph is saprobic on dead branch
branch (dead)		dead branch is decayed by subcortical, immersed, in clusters of 7-15, erumpent necked perithecium			Eutypella scoparia	a stromatic pyrenomycete	Xylariales: Diatrypaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Diatrypaceae/Eutypella scoparia/	Eutypella scoparia	a stromatic pyrenomycete		subcortical, immersed, in clusters of 7-15, erumpent necked		perithecium	Foodplant / saprobe			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Celastrales/Celastraceae/Euonymus/	Euonymus	spindles		dead	branch				(1-4)	subcortical, immersed, in clusters of 7-15, erumpent necked perithecium is saprobic on dead branch
branch (fallen, dead)		fallen, dead branch is decayed by effuse colony of Helminthosporium dematiaceous anamorph			Helminthosporium velutinum	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus	Pleosporales: Massarinaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Massarinaceae/Helminthosporium velutinum/	Helminthosporium velutinum	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus		effuse	colony	Helminthosporium dematiaceous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Celastrales/Celastraceae/Euonymus/	Euonymus	spindles		fallen, dead	branch					effuse colony of Helminthosporium dematiaceous anamorph is saprobic on fallen, dead branch
leaf (edge)		leaf (edge) is grazed by nocturnal adult			Otiorhynchus sulcatus	Vine Weevil	Coleoptera: Curculionidae	RHS Gardening For All, RHS	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Otiorhynchus sulcatus/	Otiorhynchus sulcatus	vine weevil		nocturnal		adult	Foodplant / open feeder			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Celastrales/Celastraceae/Euonymus/	Euonymus	spindles			leaf (edge)		Major			nocturnal adult grazes on leaf (edge)
leaf (live)		live leaf is grazed by caterpillar			Abraxas grossulariata	Magpie Moth	Lepidoptera: Geometridae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Geometridae/Abraxas grossulariata/	Abraxas grossulariata	magpie moth				caterpillar	Foodplant / open feeder			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Celastrales/Celastraceae/Euonymus/	Euonymus	spindles		live	leaf		Minor		(4-6)	caterpillar grazes on live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is spun by caterpillar			Cacoecimorpha pronubana	Carnation Tortrix, Mediterranean Leaf Roller	Lepidoptera: Tortricidae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Tortricidae/Cacoecimorpha pronubana/	Cacoecimorpha pronubana	carnation tortrix, mediterranean leaf roller				caterpillar	Foodplant / spinner			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Celastrales/Celastraceae/Euonymus/	Euonymus	spindles		live	leaf					caterpillar spins live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf has sap sucked by hypophyllous			Pulvinaria floccifera	Cushion Scale, Cottony Camellia Scale	Hemiptera: Coccidae	Cottony camellia scale, an increasingly important horticultural pest, Anon., 2009 Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria floccifera/	Pulvinaria floccifera	cushion scale, cottony camellia scale		hypophyllous			Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Celastrales/Celastraceae/Euonymus/	Euonymus	spindles		live	leaf					hypophyllous sucks sap of live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf has sap sucked by hypophyllous male			Unaspis euonymi	Euonymus Scale	Hemiptera: Diaspididae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Diaspididae/Unaspis euonymi/	Unaspis euonymi	Euonymus scale		hypophyllous		male	Foodplant / sap sucker			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Celastrales/Celastraceae/Euonymus/	Euonymus	spindles		live	leaf		Minor			hypophyllous male sucks sap of live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is spotted by Cercosporella anamorph			Cercosporella euonymi	(A Leaf-spot Fungus)	Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol 1, Braun, U., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Cercosporella euonymi/	Cercosporella euonymi	(a leaf-spot fungus)				Cercosporella anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer		Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Celastrales/Celastraceae/Euonymus/	Euonymus	spindles		live	leaf					Cercosporella anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is spotted by			Strawberry Latent Ringspot virus	a phytopathogenic virus		Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Strawberry Latent Ringspot virus/	Strawberry Latent Ringspot virus	a phytopathogenic virus					Foodplant / spot causer			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Celastrales/Celastraceae/Euonymus/	Euonymus	spindles	?	live	leaf					causes spots on live leaf
shoot (young) (often stunted, curled)		often stunted, curled shoot (young) has sap sucked by densely clustered			Aphis fabae	Black Bean Aphid	Hemiptera: Aphididae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Aphididae/Aphis (Aphis) fabae/	Aphis (Aphis) fabae	black bean aphid		densely clustered			Foodplant / sap sucker			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Celastrales/Celastraceae/Euonymus/	Euonymus	spindles		often stunted, curled	shoot (young)				(early spring)	densely clustered sucks sap of often stunted, curled shoot (young)
stem (esp. base)		stem (esp. base) is galled by			Rhizobium radiobacter	Crown Gall - causative organism	Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Proteobacteria/Alphaproteobacteria/Rhizobiales/Rhizobiaceae/Rhizobium radiobacter/	Rhizobium radiobacter	crown gall (causative organism)					Foodplant / gall			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Celastrales/Celastraceae/Euonymus/	Euonymus	spindles			stem (esp. base)					causes gall of stem (esp. base)
stem (live)		live stem has sap sucked by densely colonial female			Unaspis euonymi	Euonymus Scale	Hemiptera: Diaspididae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Diaspididae/Unaspis euonymi/	Unaspis euonymi	Euonymus scale		densely colonial		female	Foodplant / sap sucker			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Celastrales/Celastraceae/Euonymus/	Euonymus	spindles		live	stem		Minor			densely colonial female sucks sap of live stem
twig (fallen, dead)		fallen, dead twig is decayed by effuse colony of Helminthosporium dematiaceous anamorph			Helminthosporium velutinum	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus	Pleosporales: Massarinaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Massarinaceae/Helminthosporium velutinum/	Helminthosporium velutinum	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus		effuse	colony	Helminthosporium dematiaceous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Celastrales/Celastraceae/Euonymus/	Euonymus	spindles		fallen, dead	twig					effuse colony of Helminthosporium dematiaceous anamorph is saprobic on fallen, dead twig
wood		wood is decayed by immersed, often loosely grouped perithecium			Diaporthe eres	a pyrenomycete	Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Diaporthales/Diaporthaceae/Diaporthe eres/	Diaporthe eres	a pyrenomycete		immersed, often loosely grouped		perithecium	Foodplant / saprobe			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Celastrales/Celastraceae/Euonymus/	Euonymus	spindles			wood					immersed, often loosely grouped perithecium is saprobic on wood

Author & Year	Title	Source
RHS	RHS Gardening For All	www.rhs.org.uk/index.asp
Anon., 2009	Cottony camellia scale, an increasingly important horticultural pest	Plant Clinic News June 09: 1.
Braun, U., 1995	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol 1	Phytopathogenic Hyphomycetes, 1, 333pp, IHW-Verlag
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants	Collins Photoguide, 2nd edition edition, Collins
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook	2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Salisbury, A. & Malumphy, C., 2017	Changes in status and distribution of Hydrangea Scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Britain	Br. J. Ent. Nat. Hist. Vol 30: 145-153.

Euonymus (spindles) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

EU-DICOTS
(dicotyledonous flowering plants)

MAGNOLIOPSIDA
(flowering plants)

TRACHEOPHYTA
(vascular plants)

PLANTAE
(plants)

Broadleaved shrubs
(broadleaved shrubs)

Broadleaved trees and shrubs
(broadleaved trees and shrubs)

Trees and shrubs
(trees and shrubs, including conifers)

Trees, shrubs, woody and climbing plants
(trees, shrubs, subshrubs and climbers, including conifers)

Xylophytes
(broadleaved trees, shrubs and woody climbers)

Subtaxon				Rank	Featured subtaxa	No of interactions	No of references
Euonymus americanus Strawberry Bush, Bursting Hearts				Species		2 trophisms
Euonymus europaeus Spindle				Species		23 trophisms
Euonymus fortunei a flowering plant				Species	1 subtaxa	1 trophisms
Euonymus japonicus Evergreen Spindle, Japanese Spindle				Species		18 trophisms
Euonymus latifolius Large-leaved Spindle				Species		1 trophisms
Euonymus nanus a spindle				Species		1 trophisms
Euonymus verrucosus a spindle				Species		1 trophisms

Taxonomic hierarchy:

Genus	Euonymus (spindles)
Family	CELASTRACEAE (spindles)
Order	CELASTRALES (spindles and grass of Parnassus)
Subclass	EU-DICOTS (dicotyledonous flowering plants)
Class	MAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants)
Phylum	TRACHEOPHYTA (vascular plants)
Kingdom	PLANTAE (plants)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

NBN

NBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Euonymus (spindles)

Euonymus (spindles) may be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

MAGNOLIOPSIDA
(flowering plants)

TRACHEOPHYTA
(vascular plants)

PLANTAE
(plants)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Trees and shrubs
(trees and shrubs, including conifers)

Trees, shrubs, woody and climbing plants
(trees, shrubs, subshrubs and climbers, including conifers)

Xylophytes
(broadleaved trees, shrubs and woody climbers)

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may be relevant to Euonymus (spindles):

MAGNOLIOPSIDA
(flowering plants)

TRACHEOPHYTA
(vascular plants)

PLANTAE
(plants)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Broadleaved trees and shrubs
(broadleaved trees and shrubs)

Trees and shrubs
(trees and shrubs, including conifers)

Trees, shrubs, woody and climbing plants
(trees, shrubs, subshrubs and climbers, including conifers)

Xylophytes
(broadleaved trees, shrubs and woody climbers)

BioImages

BioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 17 images of Euonymus (spindles)

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