Pyrus communis s.l. (pear)

Interactions where Pyrus communis s.l. is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part	Summary	Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Season	Summary
	may be infected and damaged by small, upward curled, bright red in autumn, falling early leaf	Pear Decline		Acholeplasmatales: Acholeplasmataceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Firmicutes/Mollicutes/Acholeplasmatales/Acholeplasmataceae/Pear Decline/	Pear Decline		small, upward curled, bright red in autumn, falling early	leaf		Foodplant / pathogen	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear					small, upward curled, bright red in autumn, falling early leaf infects and damages
	may be infected and damaged by poor growth, dying back shoot (terminal)	Pear Decline		Acholeplasmatales: Acholeplasmataceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Firmicutes/Mollicutes/Acholeplasmatales/Acholeplasmataceae/Pear Decline/	Pear Decline		poor growth, dying back	shoot (terminal)		Foodplant / pathogen	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear					poor growth, dying back shoot (terminal) infects and damages
	may be infected and damaged by small fruit	Pear Decline		Acholeplasmatales: Acholeplasmataceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Firmicutes/Mollicutes/Acholeplasmatales/Acholeplasmataceae/Pear Decline/	Pear Decline		small	fruit		Foodplant / pathogen	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear					small fruit infects and damages
	may be infected and damaged by poor growth, dying back shoot (lateral)	Pear Decline		Acholeplasmatales: Acholeplasmataceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Firmicutes/Mollicutes/Acholeplasmatales/Acholeplasmataceae/Pear Decline/	Pear Decline		poor growth, dying back	shoot (lateral)		Foodplant / pathogen	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear					poor growth, dying back shoot (lateral) infects and damages
	is parasitised by	Podosphaera leucotricha	Apple Powdery Mildew	Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae	An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews, Ing, B., 1990	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Erysiphales/Erysiphaceae/Podosphaera leucotricha/	Podosphaera leucotricha	apple powdery mildew				Foodplant / parasite	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear			Minor		parasitises
	may be infected and damaged by	Armillaria	honey fungi	Agaricales: Physalacriaceae	British Parasitic Fungi, Moore, W.C., 1959	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Physalacriaceae/Armillaria/	Armillaria	honey fungi				Foodplant / pathogen	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear					infects and damages
	may be infected and damaged by blistered then cracking shoot (1-2 year old)	Pear Blister Canker virus	a phytopathogenic virus		Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Pear Blister Canker virus/	Pear Blister Canker virus	a phytopathogenic virus	blistered then cracking	shoot (1-2 year old)		Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear					blistered then cracking shoot (1-2 year old) infects and damages
(live)	live has sap sucked by	Macrosiphum rosae	Rose Aphid	Hemiptera: Aphididae	Aphids Recorded on Cultivated Plants in Norway 1946-1962, Fjelddalen, J., 1964	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Aphididae/Macrosiphum (Macrosiphum) rosae/	Macrosiphum (Macrosiphum) rosae	rose aphid				Foodplant / sap sucker	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	live				sucks sap of live
anther	anther is foodplant of adult	Orsodacne cerasi	a leaf beetle	Coleoptera: Orsodacnidae	Atlas of the Seed and Leaf Beetles of Britain and Ireland, Cox, M.L., 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Orsodacnidae/Orsodacne cerasi/	Orsodacne cerasi	a leaf beetle			adult	Foodplant / feeds on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear		anther		(4-9)	adult feeds on anther
bark	bark is decayed by more or less erumpent or superficial, very densely clustered, often stipitate, black stroma (pycnidial) of Fuckelia coelomycetous anamorph	Fuckelia conspicua	a coelomycete		British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Fuckelia conspicua/	Fuckelia conspicua	a coelomycete	more or less erumpent or superficial, very densely clustered, often stipitate, black	stroma (pycnidial)	Fuckelia coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear		bark		(autumn)	more or less erumpent or superficial, very densely clustered, often stipitate, black stroma (pycnidial) of Fuckelia coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on bark
branch	branch is parasitised by haustorium	Viscum album	Mistletoe	Santalales: Santalaceae	Mistletoe - distribution, biology and the National Survey, Briggs, J., 1995	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Santalales/Santalaceae/Viscum album/	Viscum album	mistletoe		haustorium		Foodplant / hemiparasite	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear		branch			haustorium is hemiparasitic on branch
calyx (live)	live calyx is galled by aecium	Gymnosporangium confusum	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 The Rust Fungi of the British Isles: A Guide to Identification by their Host Plants, Henderson, D.M., 2004 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Gymnosporangium confusum/	Gymnosporangium confusum	a rust fungus			aecium	Foodplant / gall		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	live	calyx	Minor		aecium causes gall of live calyx
calyx (live)	live calyx is parasitised by pycnium	Gymnosporangium confusum	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 The Rust Fungi of the British Isles: A Guide to Identification by their Host Plants, Henderson, D.M., 2004 Gymnosporangium confusum Plowright, Laundon, G., 1977 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Gymnosporangium confusum/	Gymnosporangium confusum	a rust fungus			pycnium	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	live	calyx	Rare		pycnium parasitises live calyx
fruit (live)	live fruit is galled by aecium	Gymnosporangium confusum	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 The Rust Fungi of the British Isles: A Guide to Identification by their Host Plants, Henderson, D.M., 2004 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Gymnosporangium confusum/	Gymnosporangium confusum	a rust fungus			aecium	Foodplant / gall		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	live	fruit	Minor		aecium causes gall of live fruit
fruit (live)	live fruit is galled by aecium	Gymnosporangium sabinae	European Pear Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 The Rust Fungi of the British Isles: A Guide to Identification by their Host Plants, Henderson, D.M., 2004 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Gymnosporangium sabinae/	Gymnosporangium sabinae	european pear rust			aecium	Foodplant / gall		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	live	fruit		(7-9)	aecium causes gall of live fruit
fruit (live)	live fruit is parasitised by pycnium	Gymnosporangium sabinae	European Pear Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 The Rust Fungi of the British Isles: A Guide to Identification by their Host Plants, Henderson, D.M., 2004 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Gymnosporangium sabinae/	Gymnosporangium sabinae	european pear rust			pycnium	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	live	fruit			pycnium parasitises live fruit
fruit (pitted or dimpled, woody if severely affected)	pitted or dimpled, woody if severely affected fruit may be infected and damaged by	Pear Stony Pit virus	a phytopathogenic virus		Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Pear Stony Pit virus/	Pear Stony Pit virus	a phytopathogenic virus				Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	pitted or dimpled, woody if severely affected	fruit			infects and damages pitted or dimpled, woody if severely affected fruit
leaf (petiole) (live)	live leaf (petiole) is galled by aecium	Gymnosporangium sabinae	European Pear Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 The Rust Fungi of the British Isles: A Guide to Identification by their Host Plants, Henderson, D.M., 2004 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Gymnosporangium sabinae/	Gymnosporangium sabinae	european pear rust			aecium	Foodplant / gall		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	live	leaf (petiole)		(7-9)	aecium causes gall of live leaf (petiole)
leaf (petiole) (live)	live leaf (petiole) is parasitised by pycnium	Gymnosporangium sabinae	European Pear Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 The Rust Fungi of the British Isles: A Guide to Identification by their Host Plants, Henderson, D.M., 2004 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Gymnosporangium sabinae/	Gymnosporangium sabinae	european pear rust			pycnium	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	live	leaf (petiole)			pycnium parasitises live leaf (petiole)
leaf (young) (yellow banded veins with red flecking)	yellow banded veins with red flecking leaf (young) may be infected and damaged by	Pear Vein Yellows virus	a phytopathogenic virus		Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Pear Vein Yellows virus/	Pear Vein Yellows virus	a phytopathogenic virus				Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	yellow banded veins with red flecking	leaf (young)			infects and damages yellow banded veins with red flecking leaf (young)
leaf	leaf is grazed by web-dwelling communal larva	Neurotoma saltuum	Social Pear Spinner	Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae	Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (a), Benson, R.B., 1951	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Pamphiliidae/Neurotoma saltuum/	Neurotoma saltuum	social pear spinner	communal		larva	Foodplant / web feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear		leaf	Major		communal larva feeds from web on leaf
leaf (dead)	dead leaf is decayed by immersed, numerous, gregarious pycnidium of Coleophoma coelomycetous anamorph	Coleophoma cylindrospora	a coelomycete		British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Coleophoma cylindrospora/	Coleophoma cylindrospora	a coelomycete	immersed, numerous, gregarious	pycnidium	Coleophoma coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	dead	leaf			immersed, numerous, gregarious pycnidium of Coleophoma coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on dead leaf
leaf (live, blistered)	live, blistered leaf is galled by infection	Taphrina bullata	a tongue fungus	Taphrinales: Taphrinaceae	Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995 The reassignment of three ’lost’ Taphrina species (Taphrina bullata, Taphrina insititiae and Taphrina rhizophora) supported by the divergence of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, Petrydesova, J., Bacigalova, K. & Sulo, P., 2013	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Taphrinomycetes/Taphrinales/Taphrinaceae/Taphrina bullata/	Taphrina bullata	a tongue fungus			infection	Foodplant / gall	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	live, blistered	leaf	Sole		infection causes gall of live, blistered leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf has sap sucked by	Rhopalosiphum insertum	Apple-grass Aphid	Hemiptera: Aphididae	Aphids Recorded on Cultivated Plants in Norway 1946-1962, Fjelddalen, J., 1964	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Aphididae/Rhopalosiphum insertum/	Rhopalosiphum insertum	apple-grass aphid				Foodplant / sap sucker	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	live	leaf			sucks sap of live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is galled by mostly hypophyllous, grouped aecium	Gymnosporangium confusum	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 The Rust Fungi of the British Isles: A Guide to Identification by their Host Plants, Henderson, D.M., 2004 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Gymnosporangium confusum/	Gymnosporangium confusum	a rust fungus	mostly hypophyllous, grouped		aecium	Foodplant / gall		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	live	leaf	Minor		mostly hypophyllous, grouped aecium causes gall of live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is parasitised by epiphyllous pycnium	Gymnosporangium confusum	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 The Rust Fungi of the British Isles: A Guide to Identification by their Host Plants, Henderson, D.M., 2004 Gymnosporangium confusum Plowright, Laundon, G., 1977 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Gymnosporangium confusum/	Gymnosporangium confusum	a rust fungus	epiphyllous		pycnium	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	live	leaf	Rare		epiphyllous pycnium parasitises live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is galled by hypophyllous aecium	Gymnosporangium sabinae	European Pear Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 The Rust Fungi of the British Isles: A Guide to Identification by their Host Plants, Henderson, D.M., 2004 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Gymnosporangium sabinae/	Gymnosporangium sabinae	european pear rust	hypophyllous		aecium	Foodplant / gall		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	live	leaf		(7-9)	hypophyllous aecium causes gall of live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is parasitised by epiphyllous pycnium	Gymnosporangium sabinae	European Pear Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 The Rust Fungi of the British Isles: A Guide to Identification by their Host Plants, Henderson, D.M., 2004 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Bioimages - the Virtual Field Guide, Storey, M.W., 2015	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Gymnosporangium sabinae/	Gymnosporangium sabinae	european pear rust	epiphyllous		pycnium	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	live	leaf			epiphyllous pycnium parasitises live leaf
leaf (pale green to yellow rings or line patterns)	pale green to yellow rings or line patterns leaf may be infected and damaged by	Pear Ring Pattern Mosaic virus	a phytopathogenic virus		Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Pear Ring Pattern Mosaic virus/	Pear Ring Pattern Mosaic virus	a phytopathogenic virus				Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	pale green to yellow rings or line patterns	leaf			infects and damages pale green to yellow rings or line patterns leaf
pear	pear may contain caterpillar	Cydia pomonella	Codling Moth	Lepidoptera: Tortricidae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera/Tortricidae/Cydia pomonella/	Cydia pomonella	codling moth			caterpillar	Foodplant / internal feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear		pear	Minor		caterpillar feeds within pear
pollen	pollen is foodplant of adult	Orsodacne cerasi	a leaf beetle	Coleoptera: Orsodacnidae	Atlas of the Seed and Leaf Beetles of Britain and Ireland, Cox, M.L., 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Orsodacnidae/Orsodacne cerasi/	Orsodacne cerasi	a leaf beetle			adult	Foodplant / feeds on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear		pollen		(4-9)	adult feeds on pollen
shoot (decaying)	decaying shoot may contain larva	Involvulus icosandriae	Apple Twig Cutter, Twig Cutting Weevil, Twig-cutting Weevil	Coleoptera: Rhynchitidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Rhynchitidae/Involvulus icosandriae/	Involvulus icosandriae	apple twig cutter, twig cutting weevil, twig-cutting weevil			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	decaying	shoot			larva feeds within decaying shoot
stem (live)	live stem is galled by aecium	Gymnosporangium confusum	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 The Rust Fungi of the British Isles: A Guide to Identification by their Host Plants, Henderson, D.M., 2004 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Gymnosporangium confusum/	Gymnosporangium confusum	a rust fungus			aecium	Foodplant / gall		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	live	stem	Minor		aecium causes gall of live stem
twig (dead)	dead twig may contain larva	Pogonocherus hispidulus	Greater Thorn-tipped Longhorn Beetle	Coleoptera: Cerambycidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992 Identification - Longhorn Beetles: Part 2, Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Cerambycidae/Pogonocherus hispidulus/	Pogonocherus hispidulus	greater thorn-tipped longhorn beetle			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	dead	twig			larva feeds within dead twig
twig (dead)	dead twig may contain larva	Pogonocherus hispidus	Lesser Thorn-tipped Longhorn Beetle	Coleoptera: Cerambycidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992 Identification - Longhorn Beetles: Part 2, Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2007	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Cerambycidae/Pogonocherus hispidus/	Pogonocherus hispidus	lesser thorn-tipped longhorn beetle			larva	Foodplant / internal feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	dead	twig	Major		larva feeds within dead twig
twig (dead)	dead twig is decayed by thinly stromatic pycnidium of Dothiorella coelomycetous anamorph	Diplodia pyrenophora	a coelomycete	Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Botryosphaeriales/Botryosphaeriaceae/Diplodia pyrenophora/	Diplodia pyrenophora	a coelomycete	thinly stromatic	pycnidium	Dothiorella coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	dead	twig		(5,9)	thinly stromatic pycnidium of Dothiorella coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on dead twig
wood (dead)	dead wood is decayed by fruitbody	Oxyporus populinus	Poplar Bracket	Hymenochaetales: Schizoporaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Hymenochaetales/Schizoporaceae/Oxyporus populinus/	Oxyporus populinus	poplar bracket			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	dead	wood			fruitbody is saprobic on dead wood
wood (live)	live wood is parasitised by fruitbody	Oxyporus populinus	Poplar Bracket	Hymenochaetales: Schizoporaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Hymenochaetales/Schizoporaceae/Oxyporus populinus/	Oxyporus populinus	poplar bracket			fruitbody	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Rosaceae/Pyrus communis s.l./	Pyrus communis s.l.	pear	live	wood			fruitbody parasitises live wood

Species aggregate	Pyrus communis s.l. (pear)
Genus	Pyrus (pears)
Family	ROSACEAE (roses and fruit trees)
Order	ROSALES (roses, elms, nettles, hops, buckthorns and figs)
Subclass	EU-DICOTS (dicotyledonous flowering plants)
Class	MAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants)
Phylum	TRACHEOPHYTA (vascular plants)
Kingdom	PLANTAE (plants)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

Pyrus communis s.l.
(pear)

Interactions where Pyrus communis s.l. is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

Taxonomic hierarchy:

Pyrus communis s.l. is also a member of:

General Works

BioInfo - Wildlife Information (UK)

Author & Year	Title	Source
Benson, R.B., 1951	Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (a)	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol VI, Part 2(a), 49pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Briggs, J., 1995	Mistletoe - distribution, biology and the National Survey	British Wildlife Vol 7 No 2: 75-82.
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants	Collins Photoguide, 2nd edition edition, Collins
Bullock, J.A., 1992	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations	11a, 24pp, Amateur Entomologists’ Society
Cox, M.L., 2007	Atlas of the Seed and Leaf Beetles of Britain and Ireland	336pp, Pisces Publications
Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	Fungi of the South East England	383pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2007	Identification - Longhorn Beetles: Part 2	British Wildlife Vol 19, No 1: 35-43.
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook	2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Fjelddalen, J., 1964	Aphids Recorded on Cultivated Plants in Norway 1946-1962	Norsk. Ent. Tidskr. 12: 259-295.
Grove, W.B., 1935	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia	Vol I, 488pp, Cambridge University Press
Henderson, D.M., 2004	The Rust Fungi of the British Isles: A Guide to Identification by their Host Plants	35pp, British Mycological Society
Ing, B., 1990	An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews	Mycologist Vol 4 (1) et seq.
Laundon, G., 1977	Gymnosporangium confusum Plowright	I.M.I. Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria CMI Descriptions of Pathenogenic Fungi and Bacteria Sheet 544.
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota	517pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Moore, W.C., 1959	British Parasitic Fungi	430pp, Cambridge University Press
Petrydesova, J., Bacigalova, K. & Sulo, P., 2013	The reassignment of three ’lost’ Taphrina species (Taphrina bullata, Taphrina insititiae and Taphrina rhizophora) supported by the divergence of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA	International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology Vol 63: 3091-3098.
Storey, M.W., 2015	Bioimages - the Virtual Field Guide	www.bioimages.org.uk